Lung cancer biomarkers and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present application includes biomarkers, methods, devices, reagents, systems, and kits for the detection and diagnosis of lung cancer. In one aspect, the application provides biomarkers that can be used alone or in various combinations to diagnose lung cancer or permit the differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules as benign or malignant. In another aspect, methods are provided for diagnosing lung cancer in an individual, where the methods include detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, at least one biomarker value corresponding to at least one biomarker selected from the group of biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein the individual is classified as having lung cancer, or the likelihood of the individual having lung cancer is determined, based on the at least one biomarker value.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/095,593, filed Sep. 9, 2008 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/152,837, filed Feb. 16, 2009, each of which is entitled “Multiplexed analyses of lung cancer samples”, and each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present application relates generally to the detection of biomarkers and the diagnosis of cancer in an individual and, more specifically, to one or more biomarkers, methods, devices, reagents, systems, and kits for diagnosing cancer, more particularly lung cancer, in an individual.

BACKGROUND

The following description provides a summary of information relevant to the present application and is not an admission that any of the information provided or publications referenced herein is prior art to the present application.

More people die from lung cancer than any other type of cancer. This is true for both men and women. In 2005 in the United States (the most recent year for which statistics are currently available), lung cancer accounted for more deaths than breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer combined. In that year, 107,416 men and 89,271 women were diagnosed with lung cancer, and 90,139 men and 69,078 women died from lung cancer. Among men in the United States, lung cancer is the second most common cancer among white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic men. Among women in the United States, lung cancer is the second most common cancer among white, black, and American Indian/Alaska Native women, and the third most common cancer among Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic women. For those who do not quit smoking, the probability of death from lung cancer is 15% and remains above 5% even for those who quit at age 50-59. The annual healthcare cost of lung cancer in the U.S. alone is $95 billion.

Ninety-one percent of lung cancer caused by smoking is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which represents approximately 87% of all lung cancers. The remaining 13% of all lung cancers are small cell lung cancers, although mixed-cell lung cancers do occur. Because small cell lung cancer is rare and rapidly fatal, the opportunity for early detection is small.

There are three main types of NSCLC: squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer (30%-40% and reported to be as high as 50%) and is the lung cancer most frequently found in both smokers and non-smokers. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 25-30% of all lung cancers and is generally found in a proximal bronchus. Early stage NSCLC tends to be localized, and if detected early it can often be treated by surgery with a favorable outcome and improved survival. Other treatment options include radiation treatment, drug therapy, and a combination of these methods.

NSCLC is staged by the size of the tumor and its presence in other tissues including lymph nodes. In the occult stage, cancer cells are found in sputum samples or lavage samples and no tumor is detectable in the lungs. In stage 0, only the innermost lining of the lungs exhibit cancer cells and the tumor has not grown through the lining. In stage IA, the cancer is considered invasive and has grown deep into the lung tissue but the tumor is less than 3 cm across. In this stage, the tumor is not found in the bronchus or lymph nodes. In stage IB, the tumor is either larger than 3 cm across or has grown into the bronchus or pleura, but has not grown into the lymph nodes. In stage IIA, the tumor is more than 3 cm across and has grown into the lymph nodes. In stage IIB, the tumor has either been found in the lymph nodes and is greater than 3 cm across or grown into the bronchus or pleura; or the cancer is not in the lymph nodes but is found in the chest wall, diaphragm, pleura, bronchus, or tissue that surrounds the heart. In stage IIIA, cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes near the lung and bronchi and in those between the lungs but on the side of the chest where the tumor is located. Stage IIIB, cancer cells are located on the opposite side of the chest from the tumor and in the neck. Other organs near the lungs may also have cancer cells and multiple tumors may be found in one lobe of the lungs. In stage IV, tumors are found in more than one lobe of the same lung or both lungs and cancer cells are found in other parts of the body.

Current methods of diagnosis for lung cancer include testing sputum for cancerous cells, chest x-ray, fiber optic evaluation of airways, and low dose spiral computed tomography (CT). Sputum cytology has a very low sensitivity. Chest X-ray is also relatively insensitive, requiring lesions to be greater than 1 cm in size to be visible. Bronchoscopy requires that the tumor is visible inside airways accessible to the bronchoscope. The most widely recognized diagnostic method is CT, but in common with X-ray, the use of CT involves ionizing radiation, which itself can cause cancer. CT also has significant limitations: the scans require a high level of technical skill to interpret and many of the observed abnormalities are not in fact lung cancer and substantial healthcare costs are incurred in following up CT findings. The most common incidental finding is a benign lung nodule.

Lung nodules are relatively round lesions, or areas of abnormal tissue, located within the lung and may vary in size. Lung nodules may be benign or cancerous, but most are benign. If a nodule is below 4 mm the prevalence is only 1.5%, if 4-8 mm the prevalence is approximately 6%, and if above 20 mm the incidence is approximately 20%. For small and medium-sized nodules, the patient is advised to undergo a repeat scan within three months to a year. For many large nodules, the patient receives a biopsy (which is invasive and may lead to complications) even though most of these are benign.

Therefore, diagnostic methods that can replace or complement CT are needed to reduce the number of surgical procedures conducted and minimize the risk of surgical complications. In addition, even when lung nodules are absent or unknown, methods are needed to detect lung cancer at its early stages to improve patient outcomes. Only 16% of lung cancer cases are diagnosed as localized, early stage cancer, where the 5-year survival rate is 46%, compared to 84% of those diagnosed at late stage, where the 5-year survival rate is only 13%. This demonstrates that relying on symptoms for diagnosis is not useful because many of them are common to other lung disease. These symptoms include a persistent cough, bloody sputum, chest pain, and recurring bronchitis or pneumonia.

Where methods of early diagnosis in cancer exist, the benefits are generally accepted by the medical community. Cancers that have widely utilized screening protocols have the highest 5-year survival rates, such as breast cancer (88%) and colon cancer (65%) versus 16% for lung cancer. However, 88% of lung cancer patients survive ten years or longer if the cancer is diagnosed at Stage 1 through screening. This demonstrates the clear need for diagnostic methods that can reliably detect early-stage NSCLC.

Biomarker selection for a specific disease state involves first the identification of markers that have a measurable and statistically significant difference in a disease population compared to a control population for a specific medical application. Biomarkers can include secreted or shed molecules that parallel disease development or progression and readily diffuse into the blood stream from lung tissue or from distal tissues in response to a lesion. The biomarker or set of biomarkers identified are generally clinically validated or shown to be a reliable indicator for the original intended use for which it was selected. Biomarkers can include small molecules, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. Some of the key issues that affect the identification of biomarkers include over-fitting of the available data and bias in the data.

A variety of methods have been utilized in an attempt to identify biomarkers and diagnose disease. For protein-based markers, these include two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and immunoassay methods. For nucleic acid markers, these include mRNA expression profiles, microRNA profiles, FISH, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), and large scale gene expression arrays.

The utility of two-dimensional electrophoresis is limited by low detection sensitivity; issues with protein solubility, charge, and hydrophobicity; gel reproducibility; and the possibility of a single spot representing multiple proteins. For mass spectrometry, depending on the format used, limitations revolve around the sample processing and separation, sensitivity to low abundance proteins, signal to noise considerations, and inability to immediately identify the detected protein. Limitations in immunoassay approaches to biomarker discovery are centered on the inability of antibody-based multiplex assays to measure a large number of analytes. One might simply print an array of high-quality antibodies and, without sandwiches, measure the analytes bound to those antibodies. (This would be the formal equivalent of using a whole genome of nucleic acid sequences to measure by hybridization all DNA or RNA sequences in an organism or a cell. The hybridization experiment works because hybridization can be a stringent test for identity. Even very good antibodies are not stringent enough in selecting their binding partners to work in the context of blood or even cell extracts because the protein ensemble in those matrices have extremely different abundances.) Thus, one must use a different approach with immunoassay-based approaches to biomarker discovery—one would need to use multiplexed ELISA assays (that is, sandwiches) to get sufficient stringency to measure many analytes simultaneously to decide which analytes are indeed biomarkers. Sandwich immunoassays do not scale to high content, and thus biomarker discovery using stringent sandwich immunoassays is not possible using standard array formats. Lastly, antibody reagents are subject to substantial lot variability and reagent instability. The instant platform for protein biomarker discovery overcomes this problem.

Many of these methods rely on or require some type of sample fractionation prior to the analysis. Thus the sample preparation required to run a sufficiently powered study designed to identify/discover statistically relevant biomarkers in a series of well-defined sample populations is extremely difficult, costly, and time consuming During fractionation, a wide range of variability can be introduced into the various samples. For example, a potential marker could be unstable to the process, the concentration of the marker could be changed, inappropriate aggregation or disaggregation could occur, and inadvertent sample contamination could occur and thus obscure the subtle changes anticipated in early disease.

It is widely accepted that biomarker discovery and detection methods using these technologies have serious limitations for the identification of diagnostic biomarkers. These limitations include an inability to detect low-abundance biomarkers, an inability to consistently cover the entire dynamic range of the proteome, irreproducibility in sample processing and fractionation, and overall irreproducibility and lack of robustness of the method. Further, these studies have introduced biases into the data and not adequately addressed the complexity of the sample populations, including appropriate controls, in terms of the distribution and randomization required to identify and validate biomarkers within a target disease population.

Although efforts aimed at the discovery of new and effective biomarkers have gone on for several decades, the efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Biomarkers for various diseases typically have been identified in academic laboratories, usually through an accidental discovery while doing basic research on some disease process. Based on the discovery and with small amounts of clinical data, papers were published that suggested the identification of a new biomarker. Most of these proposed biomarkers, however, have not been confirmed as real or useful biomarkers, primarily because the small number of clinical samples tested provide only weak statistical proof that an effective biomarker has in fact been found. That is, the initial identification was not rigorous with respect to the basic elements of statistics. In each of the years 1994 through 2003, a search of the scientific literature shows that thousands of references directed to biomarkers were published. During that same time frame, however, the FDA approved for diagnostic use, at most, three new protein biomarkers a year, and in several years no new protein biomarkers were approved.

Based on the history of failed biomarker discovery efforts, mathematical theories have been proposed that further promote the general understanding that biomarkers for disease are rare and difficult to find. Biomarker research based on 2D gels or mass spectrometry supports these notions. Very few useful biomarkers have been identified through these approaches. However, it is usually overlooked that 2D gel and mass spectrometry measure proteins that are present in blood at approximately 1 nM concentrations and higher, and that this ensemble of proteins may well be the least likely to change with disease. Other than the instant biomarker discovery platform, proteomic biomarker discovery platforms that are able to accurately measure protein expression levels at much lower concentrations do not exist.

Much is known about biochemical pathways for complex human biology. Many biochemical pathways culminate in or are started by secreted proteins that work locally within the pathology, for example growth factors are secreted to stimulate the replication of other cells in the pathology, and other factors are secreted to ward off the immune system, and so on. While many of these secreted proteins work in a paracrine fashion, some operate distally in the body. One skilled in the art with a basic understanding of biochemical pathways would understand that many pathology-specific proteins ought to exist in blood at concentrations below (even far below) the detection limits of 2D gels and mass spectrometry. What must precede the identification of this relatively abundant number of disease biomarkers is a proteomic platform that can analyze proteins at concentrations below those detectable by 2D gels or mass spectrometry.

Accordingly, a need exists for biomarkers, methods, devices, reagents, systems, and kits that enable (a) the differentiation of benign pulmonary nodules from malignant pulmonary nodules; (b) the detection of lung cancer biomarkers; and (c) the diagnosis of lung cancer.

SUMMARY

The present application includes biomarkers, methods, reagents, devices, systems, and kits for the detection and diagnosis of cancer and more particularly, lung cancer. The biomarkers of the present application were identified using a multiplex aptamer-based assay which is described in detail in Example 1. By using the aptamer-based biomarker identification method described herein, this application describes a surprisingly large number of lung cancer biomarkers that are useful for the detection and diagnosis of lung cancer. In identifying these biomarkers, over 800 proteins from hundreds of individual samples were measured, some of which were at concentrations in the low femtomolar range. This is about four orders of magnitude lower than biomarker discovery experiments done with 2D gels and/or mass spectrometry.

While certain of the described lung cancer biomarkers are useful alone for detecting and diagnosing lung cancer, methods are described herein for the grouping of multiple subsets of the lung cancer biomarkers that are useful as a panel of biomarkers. Once an individual biomarker or subset of biomarkers has been identified, the detection or diagnosis of lung cancer in an individual can be accomplished using any assay platform or format that is capable of measuring differences in the levels of the selected biomarker or biomarkers in a biological sample.

However, it was only by using the aptamer-based biomarker identification method described herein, wherein over 800 separate potential biomarker values were individually screened from a large number of individuals having previously been diagnosed either as having or not having lung cancer that it was possible to identify the lung cancer biomarkers disclosed herein. This discovery approach is in stark contrast to biomarker discovery from conditioned media or lysed cells as it queries a more patient-relevant system that requires no translation to human pathology.

Thus, in one aspect of the instant application, one or more biomarkers are provided for use either alone or in various combinations to diagnose lung cancer or permit the differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules as benign or malignant. Exemplary embodiments include the biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2, which as noted above, were identified using a multiplex aptamer-based assay, as described generally in Example 1 and more specifically in Example 2. The markers provided in Table 1, Col. 5 are useful in distinguishing benign nodules from cancerous nodules. The markers provided in Table 1, Col. 6 are useful in distinguishing asymptomatic smokers from smokers having lung cancer.

While certain of the described lung cancer biomarkers are useful alone for detecting and diagnosing lung cancer, methods are also described herein for the grouping of multiple subsets of the lung cancer biomarkers that are each useful as a panel of three or more biomarkers. Thus, various embodiments of the instant application provide combinations comprising N biomarkers, wherein N is at least two biomarkers. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 2-61 biomarkers.

In yet other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 2-7, 2-10, 2-15, 2-20, 2-25, 2-30, 2-35, 2-40, 2-45, 2-50, 2-55, or 2-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 3-7, 3-10, 3-15, 3-20, 3-25, 3-30, 3-35, 3-40, 3-45, 3-50, 3-55, or 3-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 4-7, 4-10, 4-15, 4-20, 4-25, 4-30, 4-35, 4-40, 4-45, 4-50, 4-55, or 4-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 5-7, 5-10, 5-15, 5-20, 5-25, 5-30, 5-35, 5-40, 5-45, 5-50, 5-55, or 5-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 6-10, 6-15, 6-20, 6-25, 6-30, 6-35, 6-40, 6-45, 6-50, 6-55, or 6-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 7-10, 7-15, 7-20, 7-25, 7-30, 7-35, 7-40, 7-45, 7-50, 7-55, or 7-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 8-10, 8-15, 8-20, 8-25, 8-30, 8-35, 8-40, 8-45, 8-50, 8-55, or 8-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 9-15, 9-20, 9-25, 9-30, 9-35, 9-40, 9-45, 9-50, 9-55, or 9-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 10-15, 10-20, 10-25, 10-30, 10-35, 10-40, 10-45, 10-50, 10-55, or 10-61. It will be appreciated that N can be selected to encompass similar, but higher order, ranges.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing lung cancer in an individual, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, at least one biomarker value corresponding to at least one biomarker selected from the group of biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein the individual is classified as having lung cancer based on the at least one biomarker value.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing lung cancer in an individual, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to one of at least N biomarkers selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein the likelihood of the individual having lung cancer is determined based on the biomarker values.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing lung cancer in an individual, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to one of at least N biomarkers selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein the individual is classified as having lung cancer based on the biomarker values, and wherein N=2-10.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing lung cancer in an individual, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to one of at least N biomarkers selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein the likelihood of the individual having lung cancer is determined based on the biomarker values, and wherein N=2-10.

In another aspect, a method is provided for differentiating an individual having a benign nodule from an individual having a malignant nodule, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, at least one biomarker value corresponding to at least one biomarker selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 5, wherein the individual is classified as having a malignant nodule, or the likelihood of the individual having a malignant nodule is determined, based on the at least one biomarker value.

In another aspect, a method is provided for differentiating an individual having a benign nodule from an individual having a malignant nodule, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to one of at least N biomarkers selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 5, wherein the individual is classified as having a malignant nodule, or the likelihood of the individual having a malignant nodule is determined, based on said biomarker values, wherein N=2-10.

In another aspect, a method is provided for screening smokers for lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual who is a smoker, at least one biomarker value corresponding to at least one biomarker selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 6, wherein the individual is classified as having lung cancer, or the likelihood of the individual having lung cancer is determined, based on the at least one biomarker value.

In another aspect, a method is provided for screening smokers for lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual who is a smoker, biomarker values that each correspond to one of at least N biomarkers selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 6, wherein the individual is classified as having lung cancer, or the likelihood of the individual having lung cancer is determined, based on said biomarker values, wherein N=2-10.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing that an individual does not have lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, at least one biomarker value corresponding to at least one biomarker selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein the individual is classified as not having lung cancer based on the at least one biomarker value.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing that an individual does not have lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each corresponding to one of at least N biomarkers selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein the individual is classified as not having lung cancer based on the biomarker values, and wherein N=2-10.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of N biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein a classification of the biomarker values indicates that the individual has lung cancer, and wherein N=3-10.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of N biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein a classification of the biomarker values indicates that the individual has lung cancer, and wherein N=3-15.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of biomarkers selected from the group of panels set forth in Tables 2-27, wherein a classification of the biomarker values indicates that the individual has lung cancer.

In another aspect, a method is provided for differentiating an individual having a benign nodule from an individual having a malignant nodule, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of N biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 5, wherein the individual is classified as having a malignant nodule, or the likelihood of the individual having a malignant nodule is determined, based on the biomarker values, and wherein N=3-10.

In another aspect, a method is provided for differentiating an individual having a benign nodule from an individual having a malignant nodule, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of N biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 5, wherein the individual is classified as having a malignant nodule, or the likelihood of the individual having a malignant nodule is determined, based on the biomarker values, and wherein N=3-15.

In another aspect, a method is provided for screening smokers for lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual who is a smoker, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of N biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 6, wherein the individual is classified as having lung cancer, or the likelihood of the individual having lung cancer is determined, based on the biomarker values, and wherein N=3-10.

In another aspect, a method is provided for screening smokers for lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual who is a smoker, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of N biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 6, wherein the individual is classified as having lung cancer, or the likelihood of the individual having lung cancer is determined, based on the biomarker values, wherein N=3-15.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing an absence of lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of N biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein a classification of the biomarker values indicates an absence of lung cancer in the individual, and wherein N=3-10.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing an absence of lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of N biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein a classification of the biomarker values indicates an absence of lung cancer in the individual, and wherein N=3-15.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing an absence of lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of biomarkers selected from the group of panels provided in Tables 2-27, wherein a classification of the biomarker values indicates an absence of lung cancer in the individual.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing lung cancer in an individual, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that correspond to one of at least N biomarkers selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein the individual is classified as having lung cancer based on a classification score that deviates from a predetermined threshold, and wherein N=2-10.

In another aspect, a method is provided for differentiating an individual having a benign nodule from an individual having a malignant nodule, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of N biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 5, wherein the individual is classified as having a malignant nodule, or the likelihood of the individual having a malignant nodule is determined, based on a classification score that deviates from a predetermined threshold, and wherein N=3-10.

In another aspect, a method is provided for differentiating an individual having a benign nodule from an individual having a malignant nodule, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of N biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 5, wherein the individual is classified as having a malignant nodule, or the likelihood of the individual having a malignant nodule is determined, based on a classification score that deviates from a predetermined threshold, wherein N=3-15.

In another aspect, a method is provided for screening smokers for lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual who is a smoker, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of N biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 6, wherein the individual is classified as having lung cancer, or the likelihood of the individual having lung cancer is determined, based on a classification score that deviates from a predetermined threshold, wherein N=3-10.

In another aspect, a method is provided for screening smokers for lung cancer, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual who is a smoker, biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker on a panel of N biomarkers, wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 6, wherein the individual is classified as having lung cancer, or the likelihood of the individual having lung cancer is determined, based on a classification score that deviates from a predetermined threshold, wherein N=3-15.

In another aspect, a method is provided for diagnosing an absence of lung cancer in an individual, the method including detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, biomarker values that correspond to one of at least N biomarkers selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein said individual is classified as not having lung cancer based on a classification score that deviates from a predetermined threshold, and wherein N=2-10.

In another aspect, a computer-implemented method is provided for indicating a likelihood of lung cancer. The method comprises: retrieving on a computer biomarker information for an individual, wherein the biomarker information comprises biomarker values that each correspond to one of at least N biomarkers, wherein N is as defined above, selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2; performing with the computer a classification of each of the biomarker values; and indicating a likelihood that the individual has lung cancer based upon a plurality of classifications.

In another aspect, a computer-implemented method is provided for classifying an individual as either having or not having lung cancer. The method comprises: retrieving on a computer biomarker information for an individual, wherein the biomarker information comprises biomarker values that each correspond to one of at least N biomarkers selected from the group of biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2; performing with the computer a classification of each of the biomarker values; and indicating whether the individual has lung cancer based upon a plurality of classifications.

In another aspect, a computer program product is provided for indicating a likelihood of lung cancer. The computer program product includes a computer readable medium embodying program code executable by a processor of a computing device or system, the program code comprising: code that retrieves data attributed to a biological sample from an individual, wherein the data comprises biomarker values that each correspond to one of at least N biomarkers, wherein N is as defined above, in the biological sample selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2; and code that executes a classification method that indicates a likelihood that the individual has lung cancer as a function of the biomarker values.

In another aspect, a computer program product is provided for indicating a lung cancer status of an individual. The computer program product includes a computer readable medium embodying program code executable by a processor of a computing device or system, the program code comprising: code that retrieves data attributed to a biological sample from an individual, wherein the data comprises biomarker values that each correspond to one of at least N biomarkers in the biological sample selected from the group of biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2; and code that executes a classification method that indicates a lung cancer status of the individual as a function of the biomarker values.

In another aspect, a computer-implemented method is provided for indicating a likelihood of lung cancer. The method comprises retrieving on a computer biomarker information for an individual, wherein the biomarker information comprises a biomarker value corresponding to a biomarker selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2; performing with the computer a classification of the biomarker value; and indicating a likelihood that the individual has lung cancer based upon the classification.

In another aspect, a computer-implemented method is provided for classifying an individual as either having or not having lung cancer. The method comprises retrieving from a computer biomarker information for an individual, wherein the biomarker information comprises a biomarker value corresponding to a biomarker selected from the group of biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2; performing with the computer a classification of the biomarker value; and indicating whether the individual has lung cancer based upon the classification.

In still another aspect, a computer program product is provided for indicating a likelihood of lung cancer. The computer program product includes a computer readable medium embodying program code executable by a processor of a computing device or system, the program code comprising: code that retrieves data attributed to a biological sample from an individual, wherein the data comprises a biomarker value corresponding to a biomarker in the biological sample selected from the group of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2; and code that executes a classification method that indicates a likelihood that the individual has lung cancer as a function of the biomarker value.

In still another aspect, a computer program product is provided for indicating a lung cancer status of an individual. The computer program product includes a computer readable medium embodying program code executable by a processor of a computing device or system, the program code comprising: code that retrieves data attributed to a biological sample from an individual, wherein the data comprises a biomarker value corresponding to a biomarker in the biological sample selected from the group of biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2; and code that executes a classification method that indicates a lung cancer status of the individual as a function of the biomarker value.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a flowchart for an exemplary method for detecting lung cancer in a biological sample.

FIG. 1B is a flowchart for an exemplary method for detecting lung cancer in a biological sample using a naïve Bayes classification method.

FIG. 2 shows a ROC curve for a single biomarker, SCFsR, using a naïve Bayes classifier for a test that detects lung cancer in asymptomatic smokers.

FIG. 3 shows ROC curves for biomarker panels of from one to ten biomarkers using naïve Bayes classifiers for a test that detects lung cancer in asymptomatic smokers.

FIG. 4 illustrates the increase in the classification score (specificity+sensitivity) as the number of biomarkers is increased from one to ten using naïve Bayes classification for a benign nodule-lung cancer panel.

FIG. 5 shows the measured biomarker distributions for SCFsR as a cumulative distribution function (cdf) in log-transformed RFU for the benign nodule control group (solid line) and the lung cancer disease group (dotted line) along with their curve fits to a normal cdf (dashed lines) used to train the naïve Bayes classifiers.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary computer system for use with various computer-implemented methods described herein.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart for a method of indicating the likelihood that an individual has lung cancer in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart for a method of indicating the likelihood that an individual has lung cancer in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary aptamer assay that can be used to detect one or more lung cancer biomarkers in a biological sample.

FIG. 10 shows a histogram of frequencies for which biomarkers were used in building classifiers to distinguish between NSCLC and benign nodules from an aggregated set of potential biomarkers.

FIG. 11 shows a histogram of frequencies for which biomarkers were used in building classifiers to distinguish between NSCLC and asymptomatic smokers from an aggregated set of potential biomarkers.

FIG. 12 shows a histogram of frequencies for which biomarkers were used in building classifiers to distinguish between NSCLC and benign nodules from a site-consistent set of potential biomarkers.

FIG. 13 shows a histogram of frequencies for which biomarkers were used in building classifiers to distinguish between NSCLC and asymptomatic smokers from a site-consistent set of potential biomarkers.

FIG. 14 shows a histogram of frequencies for which biomarkers were used in building classifiers to distinguish between NSCLC and benign nodules from a set of potential biomarkers resulting from a combination of aggregated and site-consistent markers.

FIG. 15 shows a histogram of frequencies for which biomarkers were used in building classifiers to distinguish between NSCLC and asymptomatic smokers from a set of potential biomarkers resulting from a combination of aggregated and site-consistent markers.

FIG. 16 shows gel images resulting from pull-down experiments that illustrate the specificity of aptamers as capture reagents for the proteins LBP, C9 and IgM. For each gel, lane 1 is the eluate from the Streptavidin-agarose beads, lane 2 is the final eluate, and lane is a MW marker lane (major bands are at 110, 50, 30, 15, and 3.5 kDa from top to bottom).

FIG. 17A shows a pair of histograms summarizing all possible single protein naïve Bayes classifier scores (sensitivity+specificity) using the biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col 5 (solid) and a set of random markers (dotted).

FIG. 17B shows a pair of histograms summarizing all possible two-protein protein naïve Bayes classifier scores (sensitivity+specificity) using the biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col 5 (solid) and a set of random markers (dotted).

FIG. 17C shows a pair of histograms summarizing all possible three-protein naïve Bayes classifier scores (sensitivity+specificity) using the biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col 5 (solid) and a set of random markers (dotted).

FIG. 18A shows a pair of histograms summarizing all possible single protein naïve Bayes classifier scores (sensitivity+specificity) using the biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col 6 (solid) and a set of random markers (dotted).

FIG. 18B shows a pair of histograms summarizing all possible two-protein protein naïve Bayes classifier scores (sensitivity+specificity) using the biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col 6 (solid) and a set of random markers (dotted).

FIG. 18C shows a pair of histograms summarizing all possible three-protein naïve Bayes classifier scores (sensitivity+specificity) using the biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col 6 (solid) and a set of random markers (dotted).

FIG. 19A shows the sensitivity+specificity score for naïve Bayes classifiers using from 2-10 markers selected from the full panel (♦) and the scores obtained by dropping the best 5 (▪), 10 (▴) and 15 (x) markers during classifier generation for the benign nodule control group.

FIG. 19B shows the sensitivity+specificity score for naïve Bayes classifiers using from 2-10 markers selected from the full panel (♦) and the scores obtained by dropping the best 5 (▪), 10 (▴) and 15 (x) markers during classifier generation for the smoker control group.

FIG. 20A shows a set of ROC curves modeled from the data in Tables 38 and 39 for panels of from one to five markers.

FIG. 20B shows a set of ROC curves computed from the training data for panels of from one to five markers as in FIG. 19A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to representative embodiments of the invention. While the invention will be described in conjunction with the enumerated embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to those embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents that may be included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the claims.

One skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in and are within the scope of the practice of the present invention. The present invention is in no way limited to the methods and materials described.

Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods, devices, and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the preferred methods, devices and materials are now described.

All publications, published patent documents, and patent applications cited in this application are indicative of the level of skill in the art(s) to which the application pertains. All publications, published patent documents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as though each individual publication, published patent document, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated as being incorporated by reference.

As used in this application, including the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references, unless the content clearly dictates otherwise, and are used interchangeably with “at least one” and “one or more.” Thus, reference to “an aptamer” includes mixtures of aptamers, reference to “a probe” includes mixtures of probes, and the like.

As used herein, the term “about” represents an insignificant modification or variation of the numerical value such that the basic function of the item to which the numerical value relates is unchanged.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “contains,” “containing,” and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, product-by-process, or composition of matter that comprises, includes, or contains an element or list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, product-by-process, or composition of matter.

The present application includes biomarkers, methods, devices, reagents, systems, and kits for the detection and diagnosis of lung cancer.

In one aspect, one or more biomarkers are provided for use either alone or in various combinations to diagnose lung cancer, permit the differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules as benign or malignant, monitor lung cancer recurrence, or address other clinical indications. As described in detail below, exemplary embodiments include the biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2, which were identified using a multiplex aptamer-based assay that is described generally in Example 1 and more specifically in Example 2.

Table 1, Col. 2 sets forth the findings obtained from analyzing hundreds of individual blood samples from NSCLC cancer cases, and hundreds of equivalent individual blood samples from smokers and from individuals diagnosed with benign lung nodules. The smoker and benign nodule groups were designed to match the populations with which a lung cancer diagnostic test can have the most benefit. (These cases and controls were obtained from multiple clinical sites to mimic the range of real world conditions under which such a test can be applied). The potential biomarkers were measured in individual samples rather than pooling the disease and control blood; this allowed a better understanding of the individual and group variations in the phenotypes associated with the presence and absence of disease (in this case lung cancer). Since over 800 protein measurements were made on each sample, and several hundred samples from each of the disease and the control populations were individually measured, Table 1, Col. 2 resulted from an analysis of an uncommonly large set of data. The measurements were analyzed using the methods described in the section, “Classification of Biomarkers and Calculation of Disease Scores” herein.

Table 1, Col. 2 lists the biomarkers found to be useful in distinguishing samples obtained from individuals with NSCLC from “control” samples obtained from smokers and individuals with benign lung nodules. Using a multiplex aptamer assay as described herein, thirty-eight biomarkers were discovered that distinguished the samples obtained from individuals who had lung cancer from the samples obtained from individuals in the smoker control group (see Table 1, Col. 6). Similarly, using a multiplex aptamer assay, forty biomarkers were discovered that distinguished samples obtained from individuals with NSCLC from samples obtained from people who had benign lung nodules (see Table 1, Col. 5). Together, the two lists of 38 and 40 biomarkers are comprised of 61 unique biomarkers, because there is considerable overlap between the list of biomarkers for distinguishing NSCLC from benign nodules and the list for distinguishing NSCLC from smokers who do not have lung cancer.

While certain of the described lung cancer biomarkers are useful alone for detecting and diagnosing lung cancer, methods are also described herein for the grouping of multiple subsets of the lung cancer biomarkers, where each grouping or subset selection is useful as a panel of three or more biomarkers, interchangeably referred to herein as a “biomarker panel” and a panel. Thus, various embodiments of the instant application provide combinations comprising N biomarkers, wherein N is at least two biomarkers. In other embodiments, N is selected from 2-61 biomarkers.

In yet other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 2-7, 2-10, 2-15, 2-20, 2-25, 2-30, 2-35, 2-40, 2-45, 2-50, 2-55, or 2-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 3-7, 3-10, 3-15, 3-20, 3-25, 3-30, 3-35, 3-40, 3-45, 3-50, 3-55, or 3-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 4-7, 4-10, 4-15, 4-20, 4-25, 4-30, 4-35, 4-40, 4-45, 4-50, 4-55, or 4-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 5-7, 5-10, 5-15, 5-20, 5-25, 5-30, 5-35, 5-40, 5-45, 5-50, 5-55, or 5-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 6-10, 6-15, 6-20, 6-25, 6-30, 6-35, 6-40, 6-45, 6-50, 6-55, or 6-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 7-10, 7-15, 7-20, 7-25, 7-30, 7-35, 7-40, 7-45, 7-50, 7-55, or 7-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 8-10, 8-15, 8-20, 8-25, 8-30, 8-35, 8-40, 8-45, 8-50, 8-55, or 8-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 9-15, 9-20, 9-25, 9-30, 9-35, 9-40, 9-45, 9-50, 9-55, or 9-61. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 10-15, 10-20, 10-25, 10-30, 10-35, 10-40, 10-45, 10-50, 10-55, or 10-61. It will be appreciated that N can be selected to encompass similar, but higher order, ranges.

In one embodiment, the number of biomarkers useful for a biomarker subset or panel is based on the sensitivity and specificity value for the particular combination of biomarker values. The terms “sensitivity” and “specificity” are used herein with respect to the ability to correctly classify an individual, based on one or more biomarker values detected in their biological sample, as having lung cancer or not having lung cancer. “Sensitivity” indicates the performance of the biomarker(s) with respect to correctly classifying individuals that have lung cancer. “Specificity” indicates the performance of the biomarker(s) with respect to correctly classifying individuals who do not have lung cancer. For example, 85% specificity and 90% sensitivity for a panel of markers used to test a set of control samples and lung cancer samples indicates that 85% of the control samples were correctly classified as control samples by the panel, and 90% of the lung cancer samples were correctly classified as lung cancer samples by the panel. The desired or preferred minimum value can be determined as described in Example 3. Representative panels are set forth in Tables 2-27, which set forth a series of 100 different panels of 3-15 biomarkers, which have the indicated levels of specificity and sensitivity for each panel. The total number of occurrences of each marker in each of these panels is indicated at the bottom of each Table.

In one aspect, lung cancer is detected or diagnosed in an individual by conducting an assay on a biological sample from the individual and detecting biomarker values that each correspond to at least one of the biomarkers ERBB1, LRIG3 or SCFsR and at least N additional biomarkers selected from the list of biomarkers in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein N equals 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15. In a further aspect, lung cancer is detected or diagnosed in an individual by conducting an assay on a biological sample from the individual and detecting biomarker values that each correspond to the biomarkers ERBB1, LRIG3 and SCFsR and one of at least N additional biomarkers selected from the list of biomarkers in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein N equals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13. In a further aspect, lung cancer is detected or diagnosed in an individual by conducting an assay on a biological sample from the individual and detecting biomarker values that each correspond to the biomarker ERBB1 and one of at least N additional biomarkers selected from the list of biomarkers in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein N equals 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15. In a further aspect, lung cancer is detected or diagnosed in an individual by conducting an assay on a biological sample from the individual and detecting biomarker values that each correspond to the biomarker LRIG3 and one of at least N additional biomarkers selected from the list of biomarkers in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein N equals 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15. In a further aspect, lung cancer is detected or diagnosed in an individual by conducting an assay on a biological sample from the individual and detecting biomarker values that each correspond to the biomarker SCFsR and one of at least N additional biomarkers selected from the list of biomarkers in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein N equals 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15.

The lung cancer biomarkers identified herein represent a relatively large number of choices for subsets or panels of biomarkers that can be used to effectively detect or diagnose lung cancer. Selection of the desired number of such biomarkers depends on the specific combination of biomarkers chosen. It is important to remember that panels of biomarkers for detecting or diagnosing lung cancer may also include biomarkers not found in Table 1, Col. 2, and that the inclusion of additional biomarkers not found in Table 1, Col. 2 may reduce the number of biomarkers in the particular subset or panel that is selected from Table 1, Col. 2. The number of biomarkers from Table 1, Col. 2 used in a subset or panel may also be reduced if additional biomedical information is used in conjunction with the biomarker values to establish acceptable sensitivity and specificity values for a given assay.

Another factor that can affect the number of biomarkers to be used in a subset or panel of biomarkers is the procedures used to obtain biological samples from individuals who are being diagnosed for lung cancer. In a carefully controlled sample procurement environment, the number of biomarkers necessary to meet desired sensitivity and specificity values will be lower than in a situation where there can be more variation in sample collection, handling and storage. In developing the list of biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, multiple sample collection sites were utilized to collect data for classifier training. This provides for more robust biomarkers that are less sensitive to variations in sample collection, handling and storage, but can also require that the number of biomarkers in a subset or panel be larger than if the training data were all obtained under very similar conditions.

One aspect of the instant application can be described generally with reference to FIGS. 1A and B. A biological sample is obtained from an individual or individuals of interest. The biological sample is then assayed to detect the presence of one or more (N) biomarkers of interest and to determine a biomarker value for each of said N biomarkers (referred to in FIG. 1B as marker RFU). Once a biomarker has been detected and a biomarker value assigned each marker is scored or classified as described in detail herein. The marker scores are then combined to provide a total diagnostic score, which indicates the likelihood that the individual from whom the sample was obtained has lung cancer.

As used herein, “lung” may be interchangeably referred to as “pulmonary”.

As used herein, “smoker” refers to an individual who has a history of tobacco smoke inhalation.

“Biological sample”, “sample”, and “test sample” are used interchangeably herein to refer to any material, biological fluid, tissue, or cell obtained or otherwise derived from an individual. This includes blood (including whole blood, leukocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, buffy coat, plasma, and serum), sputum, tears, mucus, nasal washes, nasal aspirate, breath, urine, semen, saliva, meningeal fluid, amniotic fluid, glandular fluid, lymph fluid, nipple aspirate, bronchial aspirate, synovial fluid, joint aspirate, cells, a cellular extract, and cerebrospinal fluid. This also includes experimentally separated fractions of all of the preceding. For example, a blood sample can be fractionated into serum or into fractions containing particular types of blood cells, such as red blood cells or white blood cells (leukocytes). If desired, a sample can be a combination of samples from an individual, such as a combination of a tissue and fluid sample. The term “biological sample” also includes materials containing homogenized solid material, such as from a stool sample, a tissue sample, or a tissue biopsy, for example. The term “biological sample” also includes materials derived from a tissue culture or a cell culture. Any suitable methods for obtaining a biological sample can be employed; exemplary methods include, e.g., phlebotomy, swab (e.g., buccal swab), and a fine needle aspirate biopsy procedure. Exemplary tissues susceptible to fine needle aspiration include lymph node, lung, lung washes, BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage), thyroid, breast, and liver. Samples can also be collected, e.g., by micro dissection (e.g., laser capture micro dissection (LCM) or laser micro dissection (LMD)), bladder wash, smear (e.g., a PAP smear), or ductal lavage. A “biological sample” obtained or derived from an individual includes any such sample that has been processed in any suitable manner after being obtained from the individual.

Further, it should be realized that a biological sample can be derived by taking biological samples from a number of individuals and pooling them or pooling an aliquot of each individual's biological sample. The pooled sample can be treated as a sample from a single individual and if the presence of cancer is established in the pooled sample, then each individual biological sample can be re-tested to determine which individual/s have lung cancer.

For purposes of this specification, the phrase “data attributed to a biological sample from an individual” is intended to mean that the data in some form derived from, or were generated using, the biological sample of the individual. The data may have been reformatted, revised, or mathematically altered to some degree after having been generated, such as by conversion from units in one measurement system to units in another measurement system; but, the data are understood to have been derived from, or were generated using, the biological sample.

“Target”, “target molecule”, and “analyte” are used interchangeably herein to refer to any molecule of interest that may be present in a biological sample. A “molecule of interest” includes any minor variation of a particular molecule, such as, in the case of a protein, for example, minor variations in amino acid sequence, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification, such as conjugation with a labeling component, which does not substantially alter the identity of the molecule. A “target molecule”, “target”, or “analyte” is a set of copies of one type or species of molecule or multi-molecular structure. “Target molecules”, “targets”, and “analytes” refer to more than one such set of molecules. Exemplary target molecules include proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, hormones, receptors, antigens, antibodies, affybodies, antibody mimics, viruses, pathogens, toxic substances, substrates, metabolites, transition state analogs, cofactors, inhibitors, drugs, dyes, nutrients, growth factors, cells, tissues, and any fragment or portion of any of the foregoing.

As used herein, “polypeptide,” “peptide,” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length. The polymer may be linear or branched, it may comprise modified amino acids, and it may be interrupted by non-amino acids. The terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally or by intervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification, such as conjugation with a labeling component. Also included within the definition are, for example, polypeptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids, etc.), as well as other modifications known in the art. Polypeptides can be single chains or associated chains. Also included within the definition are preproteins and intact mature proteins; peptides or polypeptides derived from a mature protein; fragments of a protein; splice variants; recombinant forms of a protein; protein variants with amino acid modifications, deletions, or substitutions; digests; and post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and the like.

As used herein, “marker” and “biomarker” are used interchangeably to refer to a target molecule that indicates or is a sign of a normal or abnormal process in an individual or of a disease or other condition in an individual. More specifically, a “marker” or “biomarker” is an anatomic, physiologic, biochemical, or molecular parameter associated with the presence of a specific physiological state or process, whether normal or abnormal, and, if abnormal, whether chronic or acute. Biomarkers are detectable and measurable by a variety of methods including laboratory assays and medical imaging. When a biomarker is a protein, it is also possible to use the expression of the corresponding gene as a surrogate measure of the amount or presence or absence of the corresponding protein biomarker in a biological sample or methylation state of the gene encoding the biomarker or proteins that control expression of the biomarker.

As used herein, “biomarker value”, “value”, “biomarker level”, and “level” are used interchangeably to refer to a measurement that is made using any analytical method for detecting the biomarker in a biological sample and that indicates the presence, absence, absolute amount or concentration, relative amount or concentration, titer, a level, an expression level, a ratio of measured levels, or the like, of, for, or corresponding to the biomarker in the biological sample. The exact nature of the “value” or “level” depends on the specific design and components of the particular analytical method employed to detect the biomarker.

When a biomarker indicates or is a sign of an abnormal process or a disease or other condition in an individual, that biomarker is generally described as being either over-expressed or under-expressed as compared to an expression level or value of the biomarker that indicates or is a sign of a normal process or an absence of a disease or other condition in an individual. “Up-regulation”, “up-regulated”, “over-expression”, “over-expressed”, and any variations thereof are used interchangeably to refer to a value or level of a biomarker in a biological sample that is greater than a value or level (or range of values or levels) of the biomarker that is typically detected in similar biological samples from healthy or normal individuals. The terms may also refer to a value or level of a biomarker in a biological sample that is greater than a value or level (or range of values or levels) of the biomarker that may be detected at a different stage of a particular disease.

“Down-regulation”, “down-regulated”, “under-expression”, “under-expressed”, and any variations thereof are used interchangeably to refer to a value or level of a biomarker in a biological sample that is less than a value or level (or range of values or levels) of the biomarker that is typically detected in similar biological samples from healthy or normal individuals. The terms may also refer to a value or level of a biomarker in a biological sample that is less than a value or level (or range of values or levels) of the biomarker that may be detected at a different stage of a particular disease.

Further, a biomarker that is either over-expressed or under-expressed can also be referred to as being “differentially expressed” or as having a “differential level” or “differential value” as compared to a “normal” expression level or value of the biomarker that indicates or is a sign of a normal process or an absence of a disease or other condition in an individual. Thus, “differential expression” of a biomarker can also be referred to as a variation from a “normal” expression level of the biomarker.

The term “differential gene expression” and “differential expression” are used interchangeably to refer to a gene (or its corresponding protein expression product) whose expression is activated to a higher or lower level in a subject suffering from a specific disease, relative to its expression in a normal or control subject. The terms also include genes (or the corresponding protein expression products) whose expression is activated to a higher or lower level at different stages of the same disease. It is also understood that a differentially expressed gene may be either activated or inhibited at the nucleic acid level or protein level, or may be subject to alternative splicing to result in a different polypeptide product. Such differences may be evidenced by a variety of changes including mRNA levels, surface expression, secretion or other partitioning of a polypeptide. Differential gene expression may include a comparison of expression between two or more genes or their gene products; or a comparison of the ratios of the expression between two or more genes or their gene products; or even a comparison of two differently processed products of the same gene, which differ between normal subjects and subjects suffering from a disease; or between various stages of the same disease. Differential expression includes both quantitative, as well as qualitative, differences in the temporal or cellular expression pattern in a gene or its expression products among, for example, normal and diseased cells, or among cells which have undergone different disease events or disease stages.

As used herein, “individual” refers to a test subject or patient. The individual can be a mammal or a non-mammal. In various embodiments, the individual is a mammal. A mammalian individual can be a human or non-human. In various embodiments, the individual is a human. A healthy or normal individual is an individual in which the disease or condition of interest (including, for example, lung diseases, lung-associated diseases, or other lung conditions) is not detectable by conventional diagnostic methods.

“Diagnose”, “diagnosing”, “diagnosis”, and variations thereof refer to the detection, determination, or recognition of a health status or condition of an individual on the basis of one or more signs, symptoms, data, or other information pertaining to that individual. The health status of an individual can be diagnosed as healthy/normal (i.e., a diagnosis of the absence of a disease or condition) or diagnosed as ill/abnormal (i.e., a diagnosis of the presence, or an assessment of the characteristics, of a disease or condition). The terms “diagnose”, “diagnosing”, “diagnosis”, etc., encompass, with respect to a particular disease or condition, the initial detection of the disease; the characterization or classification of the disease; the detection of the progression, remission, or recurrence of the disease; and the detection of disease response after the administration of a treatment or therapy to the individual. The diagnosis of lung cancer includes distinguishing individuals, including smokers and nonsmokers, who have cancer from individuals who do not. It further includes distinguishing benign pulmonary nodules from cancerous pulmonary nodules.

“Prognose”, “prognosing”, “prognosis”, and variations thereof refer to the prediction of a future course of a disease or condition in an individual who has the disease or condition (e.g., predicting patient survival), and such terms encompass the evaluation of disease response after the administration of a treatment or therapy to the individual.

“Evaluate”, “evaluating”, “evaluation”, and variations thereof encompass both “diagnose” and “prognose” and also encompass determinations or predictions about the future course of a disease or condition in an individual who does not have the disease as well as determinations or predictions regarding the likelihood that a disease or condition will recur in an individual who apparently has been cured of the disease. The term “evaluate” also encompasses assessing an individual's response to a therapy, such as, for example, predicting whether an individual is likely to respond favorably to a therapeutic agent or is unlikely to respond to a therapeutic agent (or will experience toxic or other undesirable side effects, for example), selecting a therapeutic agent for administration to an individual, or monitoring or determining an individual's response to a therapy that has been administered to the individual. Thus, “evaluating” lung cancer can include, for example, any of the following: prognosing the future course of lung cancer in an individual; predicting the recurrence of lung cancer in an individual who apparently has been cured of lung cancer; or determining or predicting an individual's response to a lung cancer treatment or selecting a lung cancer treatment to administer to an individual based upon a determination of the biomarker values derived from the individual's biological sample.

Any of the following examples may be referred to as either “diagnosing” or “evaluating” lung cancer: initially detecting the presence or absence of lung cancer; determining a specific stage, type or sub-type, or other classification or characteristic of lung cancer; determining whether a pulmonary nodule is a benign lesion or a malignant lung tumor; or detecting/monitoring lung cancer progression (e.g., monitoring lung tumor growth or metastatic spread), remission, or recurrence.

As used herein, “additional biomedical information” refers to one or more evaluations of an individual, other than using any of the biomarkers described herein, that are associated with lung cancer risk. “Additional biomedical information” includes any of the following: physical descriptors of an individual, physical descriptors of a pulmonary nodule observed by CT imaging, the height and/or weight of an individual, the gender of an individual, the ethnicity of an individual, smoking history, occupational history, exposure to known carcinogens (e.g., exposure to any of asbestos, radon gas, chemicals, smoke from fires, and air pollution, which can include emissions from stationary or mobile sources such as industrial/factory or auto/marine/aircraft emissions), exposure to second-hand smoke, family history of lung cancer (or other cancer), the presence of pulmonary nodules, size of nodules, location of nodules, morphology of nodules (e.g., as observed through CT imaging, ground glass opacity (GGO), solid, non-solid), edge characteristics of the nodule (e.g., smooth, lobulated, sharp and smooth, spiculated, infiltrating), and the like. Smoking history is usually quantified in terms of “pack years”, which refers to the number of years a person has smoked multiplied by the average number of packs smoked per day. For example, a person who has smoked, on average, one pack of cigarettes per day for 35 years is referred to as having 35 pack years of smoking history. Additional biomedical information can be obtained from an individual using routine techniques known in the art, such as from the individual themselves by use of a routine patient questionnaire or health history questionnaire, etc., or from a medical practitioner, etc. Alternately, additional biomedical information can be obtained from routine imaging techniques, including CT imaging (e.g., low-dose CT imaging) and X-ray. Testing of biomarker levels in combination with an evaluation of any additional biomedical information may, for example, improve sensitivity, specificity, and/or AUC for detecting lung cancer (or other lung cancer-related uses) as compared to biomarker testing alone or evaluating any particular item of additional biomedical information alone (e.g., CT imaging alone).

The term “area under the curve” or “AUC” refers to the area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, both of which are well known in the art. AUC measures are useful for comparing the accuracy of a classifier across the complete data range. Classifiers with a greater AUC have a greater capacity to classify unknowns correctly between two groups of interest (e.g., lung cancer samples and normal or control samples). ROC curves are useful for plotting the performance of a particular feature (e.g., any of the biomarkers described herein and/or any item of additional biomedical information) in distinguishing between two populations (e.g., cases having lung cancer and controls without lung cancer). Typically, the feature data across the entire population (e.g., the cases and controls) are sorted in ascending order based on the value of a single feature. Then, for each value for that feature, the true positive and false positive rates for the data are calculated. The true positive rate is determined by counting the number of cases above the value for that feature and then dividing by the total number of cases. The false positive rate is determined by counting the number of controls above the value for that feature and then dividing by the total number of controls. Although this definition refers to scenarios in which a feature is elevated in cases compared to controls, this definition also applies to scenarios in which a feature is lower in cases compared to the controls (in such a scenario, samples below the value for that feature would be counted). ROC curves can be generated for a single feature as well as for other single outputs, for example, a combination of two or more features can be mathematically combined (e.g., added, subtracted, multiplied, etc.) to provide a single sum value, and this single sum value can be plotted in a ROC curve. Additionally, any combination of multiple features, in which the combination derives a single output value, can be plotted in a ROC curve. These combinations of features may comprise a test. The ROC curve is the plot of the true positive rate (sensitivity) of a test against the false positive rate (1-specificity) of the test.

As used herein, “detecting” or “determining” with respect to a biomarker value includes the use of both the instrument required to observe and record a signal corresponding to a biomarker value and the material/s required to generate that signal. In various embodiments, the biomarker value is detected using any suitable method, including fluorescence, chemiluminescence, surface plasmon resonance, surface acoustic waves, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, electrochemical detection methods, nuclear magnetic resonance, quantum dots, and the like.

“Solid support” refers herein to any substrate having a surface to which molecules may be attached, directly or indirectly, through either covalent or non-covalent bonds. A “solid support” can have a variety of physical formats, which can include, for example, a membrane; a chip (e.g., a protein chip); a slide (e.g., a glass slide or coverslip); a column; a hollow, solid, semi-solid, pore- or cavity-containing particle, such as, for example, a bead; a gel; a fiber, including a fiber optic material; a matrix; and a sample receptacle. Exemplary sample receptacles include sample wells, tubes, capillaries, vials, and any other vessel, groove or indentation capable of holding a sample. A sample receptacle can be contained on a multi-sample platform, such as a microtiter plate, slide, microfluidics device, and the like. A support can be composed of a natural or synthetic material, an organic or inorganic material. The composition of the solid support on which capture reagents are attached generally depends on the method of attachment (e.g., covalent attachment). Other exemplary receptacles include microdroplets and microfluidic controlled or bulk oil/aqueous emulsions within which assays and related manipulations can occur. Suitable solid supports include, for example, plastics, resins, polysaccharides, silica or silica-based materials, functionalized glass, modified silicon, carbon, metals, inorganic glasses, membranes, nylon, natural fibers (such as, for example, silk, wool and cotton), polymers, and the like. The material composing the solid support can include reactive groups such as, for example, carboxy, amino, or hydroxyl groups, which are used for attachment of the capture reagents. Polymeric solid supports can include, e.g., polystyrene, polyethylene glycol tetraphthalate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, butyl rubber, styrenebutadiene rubber, natural rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, (poly)tetrafluoroethylene, (poly)vinylidenefluoride, polycarbonate, and polymethylpentene. Suitable solid support particles that can be used include, e.g., encoded particles, such as Luminex®-type encoded particles, magnetic particles, and glass particles.

Exemplary Uses of Biomarkers

In various exemplary embodiments, methods are provided for diagnosing lung cancer in an individual by detecting one or more biomarker values corresponding to one or more biomarkers that are present in the circulation of an individual, such as in serum or plasma, by any number of analytical methods, including any of the analytical methods described herein. These biomarkers are, for example, differentially expressed in individuals with lung cancer as compared to individuals without lung cancer. Detection of the differential expression of a biomarker in an individual can be used, for example, to permit the early diagnosis of lung cancer, to distinguish between a benign and malignant pulmonary nodule (such as, for example, a nodule observed on a computed tomography (CT) scan), to monitor lung cancer recurrence, or for other clinical indications.

Any of the biomarkers described herein may be used in a variety of clinical indications for lung cancer, including any of the following: detection of lung cancer (such as in a high-risk individual or population); characterizing lung cancer (e.g., determining lung cancer type, sub-type, or stage), such as by distinguishing between non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and/or between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (or otherwise facilitating histopathology); determining whether a lung nodule is a benign nodule or a malignant lung tumor; determining lung cancer prognosis; monitoring lung cancer progression or remission; monitoring for lung cancer recurrence; monitoring metastasis; treatment selection; monitoring response to a therapeutic agent or other treatment; stratification of individuals for computed tomography (CT) screening (e.g., identifying those individuals at greater risk of lung cancer and thereby most likely to benefit from spiral-CT screening, thus increasing the positive predictive value of CT); combining biomarker testing with additional biomedical information, such as smoking history, etc., or with nodule size, morphology, etc. (such as to provide an assay with increased diagnostic performance compared to CT testing or biomarker testing alone); facilitating the diagnosis of a pulmonary nodule as malignant or benign; facilitating clinical decision making once a pulmonary nodule is observed on CT (e.g., ordering repeat CT scans if the nodule is deemed to be low risk, such as if a biomarker-based test is negative, with or without categorization of nodule size, or considering biopsy if the nodule is deemed medium to high risk, such as if a biomarker-based test is positive, with or without categorization of nodule size); and facilitating decisions regarding clinical follow-up (e.g., whether to implement repeat CT scans, fine needle biopsy, or thoracotomy after observing a non-calcified nodule on CT). Biomarker testing may improve positive predictive value (PPV) over CT screening alone. In addition to their utilities in conjunction with CT screening, the biomarkers described herein can also be used in conjunction with any other imaging modalities used for lung cancer, such as chest X-ray. Furthermore, the described biomarkers may also be useful in permitting certain of these uses before indications of lung cancer are detected by imaging modalities or other clinical correlates, or before symptoms appear.

As an example of the manner in which any of the biomarkers described herein can be used to diagnose lung cancer, differential expression of one or more of the described biomarkers in an individual who is not known to have lung cancer may indicate that the individual has lung cancer, thereby enabling detection of lung cancer at an early stage of the disease when treatment is most effective, perhaps before the lung cancer is detected by other means or before symptoms appear. Over-expression of one or more of the biomarkers during the course of lung cancer may be indicative of lung cancer progression, e.g., a lung tumor is growing and/or metastasizing (and thus indicate a poor prognosis), whereas a decrease in the degree to which one or more of the biomarkers is differentially expressed (i.e., in subsequent biomarker tests, the expression level in the individual is moving toward or approaching a “normal” expression level) may be indicative of lung cancer remission, e.g., a lung tumor is shrinking (and thus indicate a good or better prognosis). Similarly, an increase in the degree to which one or more of the biomarkers is differentially expressed (i.e., in subsequent biomarker tests, the expression level in the individual is moving further away from a “normal” expression level) during the course of lung cancer treatment may indicate that the lung cancer is progressing and therefore indicate that the treatment is ineffective, whereas a decrease in differential expression of one or more of the biomarkers during the course of lung cancer treatment may be indicative of lung cancer remission and therefore indicate that the treatment is working successfully. Additionally, an increase or decrease in the differential expression of one or more of the biomarkers after an individual has apparently been cured of lung cancer may be indicative of lung cancer recurrence. In a situation such as this, for example, the individual can be re-started on therapy (or the therapeutic regimen modified such as to increase dosage amount and/or frequency, if the individual has maintained therapy) at an earlier stage than if the recurrence of lung cancer was not detected until later. Furthermore, a differential expression level of one or more of the biomarkers in an individual may be predictive of the individual's response to a particular therapeutic agent. In monitoring for lung cancer recurrence or progression, changes in the biomarker expression levels may indicate the need for repeat imaging (e.g., repeat CT scanning), such as to determine lung cancer activity or to determine the need for changes in treatment.

Detection of any of the biomarkers described herein may be particularly useful following, or in conjunction with, lung cancer treatment, such as to evaluate the success of the treatment or to monitor lung cancer remission, recurrence, and/or progression (including metastasis) following treatment. Lung cancer treatment may include, for example, administration of a therapeutic agent to the individual, performance of surgery (e.g., surgical resection of at least a portion of a lung tumor), administration of radiation therapy, or any other type of lung cancer treatment used in the art, and any combination of these treatments. For example, any of the biomarkers may be detected at least once after treatment or may be detected multiple times after treatment (such as at periodic intervals), or may be detected both before and after treatment. Differential expression levels of any of the biomarkers in an individual over time may be indicative of lung cancer progression, remission, or recurrence, examples of which include any of the following: an increase or decrease in the expression level of the biomarkers after treatment compared with the expression level of the biomarker before treatment; an increase or decrease in the expression level of the biomarker at a later time point after treatment compared with the expression level of the biomarker at an earlier time point after treatment; and a differential expression level of the biomarker at a single time point after treatment compared with normal levels of the biomarker.

As a specific example, the biomarker levels for any of the biomarkers described herein can be determined in pre-surgery and post-surgery (e.g., 2-4 weeks after surgery) serum samples. An increase in the biomarker expression level(s) in the post-surgery sample compared with the pre-surgery sample can indicate progression of lung cancer (e.g., unsuccessful surgery), whereas a decrease in the biomarker expression level(s) in the post-surgery sample compared with the pre-surgery sample can indicate regression of lung cancer (e.g., the surgery successfully removed the lung tumor). Similar analyses of the biomarker levels can be carried out before and after other forms of treatment, such as before and after radiation therapy or administration of a therapeutic agent or cancer vaccine.

In addition to testing biomarker levels as a stand-alone diagnostic test, biomarker levels can also be done in conjunction with determination of SNPs or other genetic lesions or variability that are indicative of increased risk of susceptibility of disease. (See, e.g., Amos et al., Nature Genetics 40, 616-622 (2009)).

In addition to testing biomarker levels as a stand-alone diagnostic test, biomarker levels can also be done in conjunction with CT screening. For example, the biomarkers may facilitate the medical and economic justification for implementing CT screening, such as for screening large asymptomatic populations at risk for lung cancer (e.g., smokers). For example, a “pre-CT” test of biomarker levels could be used to stratify high-risk individuals for CT screening, such as for identifying those who are at highest risk for lung cancer based on their biomarker levels and who should be prioritized for CT screening. If a CT test is implemented, biomarker levels (e.g., as determined by an aptamer assay of serum or plasma samples) of one or more biomarkers can be measured and the diagnostic score could be evaluated in conjunction with additional biomedical information (e.g., tumor parameters determined by CT testing) to enhance positive predictive value (PPV) over CT or biomarker testing alone. A “post-CT” aptamer panel for determining biomarker levels can be used to determine the likelihood that a pulmonary nodule observed by CT (or other imaging modality) is malignant or benign.

Detection of any of the biomarkers described herein may be useful for post-CT testing. For example, biomarker testing may eliminate or reduce a significant number of false positive tests over CT alone. Further, biomarker testing may facilitate treatment of patients. By way of example, if a lung nodule is less than 5 mm in size, results of biomarker testing may advance patients from “watch and wait” to biopsy at an earlier time; if a lung nodule is 5-9 mm, biomarker testing may eliminate the use of a biopsy or thoracotomy on false positive scans; and if a lung nodule is larger than 10 mm, biomarker testing may eliminate surgery for a sub-population of these patients with benign nodules. Eliminating the need for biopsy in some patients based on biomarker testing would be beneficial because there is significant morbidity associated with nodule biopsy and difficulty in obtaining nodule tissue depending on the location of nodule. Similarly, eliminating the need for surgery in some patients, such as those whose nodules are actually benign, would avoid unnecessary risks and costs associated with surgery.

In addition to testing biomarker levels in conjunction with CT screening (e.g., assessing biomarker levels in conjunction with size or other characteristics of a lung nodule observed on a CT scan), information regarding the biomarkers can also be evaluated in conjunction with other types of data, particularly data that indicates an individual's risk for lung cancer (e.g., patient clinical history, symptoms, family history of cancer, risk factors such as whether or not the individual is a smoker, and/or status of other biomarkers, etc.). These various data can be assessed by automated methods, such as a computer program/software, which can be embodied in a computer or other apparatus/device.

Any of the described biomarkers may also be used in imaging tests. For example, an imaging agent can be coupled to any of the described biomarkers, which can be used to aid in lung cancer diagnosis, to monitor disease progression/remission or metastasis, to monitor for disease recurrence, or to monitor response to therapy, among other uses.

Detection and Determination of Biomarkers and Biomarker Values

A biomarker value for the biomarkers described herein can be detected using any of a variety of known analytical methods. In one embodiment, a biomarker value is detected using a capture reagent. As used herein, a “capture agent’ or “capture reagent” refers to a molecule that is capable of binding specifically to a biomarker. In various embodiments, the capture reagent can be exposed to the biomarker in solution or can be exposed to the biomarker while the capture reagent is immobilized on a solid support. In other embodiments, the capture reagent contains a feature that is reactive with a secondary feature on a solid support. In these embodiments, the capture reagent can be exposed to the biomarker in solution, and then the feature on the capture reagent can be used in conjunction with the secondary feature on the solid support to immobilize the biomarker on the solid support. The capture reagent is selected based on the type of analysis to be conducted. Capture reagents include but are not limited to aptamers, antibodies, adnectins, ankyrins, other antibody mimetics and other protein scaffolds, autoantibodies, chimeras, small molecules, an F(ab′)₂ fragment, a single chain antibody fragment, an Fv fragment, a single chain Fv fragment, a nucleic acid, a lectin, a ligand-binding receptor, affybodies, nanobodies, imprinted polymers, avimers, peptidomimetics, a hormone receptor, a cytokine receptor, and synthetic receptors, and modifications and fragments of these.

In some embodiments, a biomarker value is detected using a biomarker/capture reagent complex.

In other embodiments, the biomarker value is derived from the biomarker/capture reagent complex and is detected indirectly, such as, for example, as a result of a reaction that is subsequent to the biomarker/capture reagent interaction, but is dependent on the formation of the biomarker/capture reagent complex.

In some embodiments, the biomarker value is detected directly from the biomarker in a biological sample.

In one embodiment, the biomarkers are detected using a multiplexed format that allows for the simultaneous detection of two or more biomarkers in a biological sample. In one embodiment of the multiplexed format, capture reagents are immobilized, directly or indirectly, covalently or non-covalently, in discrete locations on a solid support. In another embodiment, a multiplexed format uses discrete solid supports where each solid support has a unique capture reagent associated with that solid support, such as, for example quantum dots. In another embodiment, an individual device is used for the detection of each one of multiple biomarkers to be detected in a biological sample. Individual devices can be configured to permit each biomarker in the biological sample to be processed simultaneously. For example, a microtiter plate can be used such that each well in the plate is used to uniquely analyze one of multiple biomarkers to be detected in a biological sample.

In one or more of the foregoing embodiments, a fluorescent tag can be used to label a component of the biomarker/capture complex to enable the detection of the biomarker value. In various embodiments, the fluorescent label can be conjugated to a capture reagent specific to any of the biomarkers described herein using known techniques, and the fluorescent label can then be used to detect the corresponding biomarker value. Suitable fluorescent labels include rare earth chelates, fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, dansyl, allophycocyanin, PBXL-3, Qdot 605, Lissamine, phycoerythrin, Texas Red, and other such compounds.

In one embodiment, the fluorescent label is a fluorescent dye molecule. In some embodiments, the fluorescent dye molecule includes at least one substituted indolium ring system in which the substituent on the 3-carbon of the indolium ring contains a chemically reactive group or a conjugated substance. In some embodiments, the dye molecule includes an AlexFluor molecule, such as, for example, AlexaFluor 488, AlexaFluor 532, AlexaFluor 647, AlexaFluor 680, or AlexaFluor 700. In other embodiments, the dye molecule includes a first type and a second type of dye molecule, such as, e.g., two different AlexaFluor molecules. In other embodiments, the dye molecule includes a first type and a second type of dye molecule, and the two dye molecules have different emission spectra.

Fluorescence can be measured with a variety of instrumentation compatible with a wide range of assay formats. For example, spectrofluorimeters have been designed to analyze microtiter plates, microscope slides, printed arrays, cuvettes, etc. See Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, by J. R. Lakowicz, Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2004. See Bioluminescence & Chemiluminescence: Progress & Current Applications; Philip E. Stanley and Larry J. Kricka editors, World Scientific Publishing Company, January 2002.

In one or more of the foregoing embodiments, a chemiluminescence tag can optionally be used to label a component of the biomarker/capture complex to enable the detection of a biomarker value. Suitable chemiluminescent materials include any of oxalyl chloride, Rodamin 6G, Ru(bipy)₃ ²⁺, TMAE (tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene), Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxibenzene), Lucigenin, peroxyoxalates, Aryl oxalates, Acridinium esters, dioxetanes, and others.

In yet other embodiments, the detection method includes an enzyme/substrate combination that generates a detectable signal that corresponds to the biomarker value. Generally, the enzyme catalyzes a chemical alteration of the chromogenic substrate which can be measured using various techniques, including spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and chemiluminescence. Suitable enzymes include, for example, luciferases, luciferin, malate dehydrogenase, urease, horseradish peroxidase (HRPO), alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase, lysozyme, glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, uricase, xanthine oxidase, lactoperoxidase, microperoxidase, and the like.

In yet other embodiments, the detection method can be a combination of fluorescence, chemiluminescence, radionuclide or enzyme/substrate combinations that generate a measurable signal. Multimodal signaling could have unique and advantageous characteristics in biomarker assay formats.

More specifically, the biomarker values for the biomarkers described herein can be detected using known analytical methods including, singleplex aptamer assays, multiplexed aptamer assays, singleplex or multiplexed immunoassays, mRNA expression profiling, miRNA expression profiling, mass spectrometric analysis, histological/cytological methods, etc. as detailed below.

Determination of Biomarker Values Using Aptamer-Based Assays

Assays directed to the detection and quantification of physiologically significant molecules in biological samples and other samples are important tools in scientific research and in the health care field. One class of such assays involves the use of a microarray that includes one or more aptamers immobilized on a solid support. The aptamers are each capable of binding to a target molecule in a highly specific manner and with very high affinity. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,096 entitled “Nucleic Acid Ligands”; see also, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,242,246, 6,458,543, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,715, each of which is entitled “Nucleic Acid Ligand Diagnostic Biochip”. Once the microarray is contacted with a sample, the aptamers bind to their respective target molecules present in the sample and thereby enable a determination of a biomarker value corresponding to a biomarker.

As used herein, an “aptamer” refers to a nucleic acid that has a specific binding affinity for a target molecule. It is recognized that affinity interactions are a matter of degree; however, in this context, the “specific binding affinity” of an aptamer for its target means that the aptamer binds to its target generally with a much higher degree of affinity than it binds to other components in a test sample. An “aptamer” is a set of copies of one type or species of nucleic acid molecule that has a particular nucleotide sequence. An aptamer can include any suitable number of nucleotides, including any number of chemically modified nucleotides. “Aptamers” refers to more than one such set of molecules. Different aptamers can have either the same or different numbers of nucleotides. Aptamers can be DNA or RNA or chemically modified nucleic acids and can be single stranded, double stranded, or contain double stranded regions, and can include higher ordered structures. An aptamer can also be a photoaptamer, where a photoreactive or chemically reactive functional group is included in the aptamer to allow it to be covalently linked to its corresponding target. Any of the aptamer methods disclosed herein can include the use of two or more aptamers that specifically bind the same target molecule. As further described below, an aptamer may include a tag. If an aptamer includes a tag, all copies of the aptamer need not have the same tag. Moreover, if different aptamers each include a tag, these different aptamers can have either the same tag or a different tag.

An aptamer can be identified using any known method, including the SELEX process. Once identified, an aptamer can be prepared or synthesized in accordance with any known method, including chemical synthetic methods and enzymatic synthetic methods.

The terms “SELEX” and “SELEX process” are used interchangeably herein to refer generally to a combination of (1) the selection of aptamers that interact with a target molecule in a desirable manner, for example binding with high affinity to a protein, with (2) the amplification of those selected nucleic acids. The SELEX process can be used to identify aptamers with high affinity to a specific target or biomarker.

SELEX generally includes preparing a candidate mixture of nucleic acids, binding of the candidate mixture to the desired target molecule to form an affinity complex, separating the affinity complexes from the unbound candidate nucleic acids, separating and isolating the nucleic acid from the affinity complex, purifying the nucleic acid, and identifying a specific aptamer sequence. The process may include multiple rounds to further refine the affinity of the selected aptamer. The process can include amplification steps at one or more points in the process. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,096, entitled “Nucleic Acid Ligands”. The SELEX process can be used to generate an aptamer that covalently binds its target as well as an aptamer that non-covalently binds its target. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,337 entitled “Systematic Evolution of Nucleic Acid Ligands by Exponential Enrichment: Chemi-SELEX.”

The SELEX process can be used to identify high-affinity aptamers containing modified nucleotides that confer improved characteristics on the aptamer, such as, for example, improved in vivo stability or improved delivery characteristics. Examples of such modifications include chemical substitutions at the ribose and/or phosphate and/or base positions. SELEX process-identified aptamers containing modified nucleotides are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,660,985, entitled “High Affinity Nucleic Acid Ligands Containing Modified Nucleotides”, which describes oligonucleotides containing nucleotide derivatives chemically modified at the 5′- and 2′-positions of pyrimidines. U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,737, see supra, describes highly specific aptamers containing one or more nucleotides modified with 2′-amino (2′-NH2), 2′-fluoro (2′-F), and/or 2′-O-methyl (2′-OMe). See also, U.S. Patent Application Publication 20090098549, entitled “SELEX and PHOTOSELEX”, which describes nucleic acid libraries having expanded physical and chemical properties and their use in SELEX and photoSELEX.

SELEX can also be used to identify aptamers that have desirable off-rate characteristics. See U.S. Patent Application Publication 20090004667, entitled “Method for Generating Aptamers with Improved Off-Rates”, which describes improved SELEX methods for generating aptamers that can bind to target molecules. Methods for producing aptamers and photoaptamers having slower rates of dissociation from their respective target molecules are described. The methods involve contacting the candidate mixture with the target molecule, allowing the formation of nucleic acid-target complexes to occur, and performing a slow off-rate enrichment process wherein nucleic acid-target complexes with fast dissociation rates will dissociate and not reform, while complexes with slow dissociation rates will remain intact. Additionally, the methods include the use of modified nucleotides in the production of candidate nucleic acid mixtures to generate aptamers with improved off-rate performance.

A variation of this assay employs aptamers that include photoreactive functional groups that enable the aptamers to covalently bind or “photocrosslink” their target molecules. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,776 entitled “Nucleic Acid Ligand Diagnostic Biochip”. These photoreactive aptamers are also referred to as photoaptamers. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,763,177, 6,001,577, and 6,291,184, each of which is entitled “Systematic Evolution of Nucleic Acid Ligands by Exponential Enrichment: Photoselection of Nucleic Acid Ligands and Solution SELEX”; see also, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,539, entitled “Photoselection of Nucleic Acid Ligands”. After the microarray is contacted with the sample and the photoaptamers have had an opportunity to bind to their target molecules, the photoaptamers are photoactivated, and the solid support is washed to remove any non-specifically bound molecules. Harsh wash conditions may be used, since target molecules that are bound to the photoaptamers are generally not removed, due to the covalent bonds created by the photoactivated functional group(s) on the photoaptamers. In this manner, the assay enables the detection of a biomarker value corresponding to a biomarker in the test sample.

In both of these assay formats, the aptamers are immobilized on the solid support prior to being contacted with the sample. Under certain circumstances, however, immobilization of the aptamers prior to contact with the sample may not provide an optimal assay. For example, pre-immobilization of the aptamers may result in inefficient mixing of the aptamers with the target molecules on the surface of the solid support, perhaps leading to lengthy reaction times and, therefore, extended incubation periods to permit efficient binding of the aptamers to their target molecules. Further, when photoaptamers are employed in the assay and depending upon the material utilized as a solid support, the solid support may tend to scatter or absorb the light used to effect the formation of covalent bonds between the photoaptamers and their target molecules. Moreover, depending upon the method employed, detection of target molecules bound to their aptamers can be subject to imprecision, since the surface of the solid support may also be exposed to and affected by any labeling agents that are used. Finally, immobilization of the aptamers on the solid support generally involves an aptamer-preparation step (i.e., the immobilization) prior to exposure of the aptamers to the sample, and this preparation step may affect the activity or functionality of the aptamers.

Aptamer assays that permit an aptamer to capture its target in solution and then employ separation steps that are designed to remove specific components of the aptamer-target mixture prior to detection have also been described (see U.S. Patent Application Publication 20090042206, entitled “Multiplexed Analyses of Test Samples”). The described aptamer assay methods enable the detection and quantification of a non-nucleic acid target (e.g., a protein target) in a test sample by detecting and quantifying a nucleic acid (i.e., an aptamer). The described methods create a nucleic acid surrogate (i.e, the aptamer) for detecting and quantifying a non-nucleic acid target, thus allowing the wide variety of nucleic acid technologies, including amplification, to be applied to a broader range of desired targets, including protein targets.

Aptamers can be constructed to facilitate the separation of the assay components from an aptamer biomarker complex (or photoaptamer biomarker covalent complex) and permit isolation of the aptamer for detection and/or quantification. In one embodiment, these constructs can include a cleavable or releasable element within the aptamer sequence. In other embodiments, additional functionality can be introduced into the aptamer, for example, a labeled or detectable component, a spacer component, or a specific binding tag or immobilization element. For example, the aptamer can include a tag connected to the aptamer via a cleavable moiety, a label, a spacer component separating the label, and the cleavable moiety. In one embodiment, a cleavable element is a photocleavable linker. The photocleavable linker can be attached to a biotin moiety and a spacer section, can include an NHS group for derivatization of amines, and can be used to introduce a biotin group to an aptamer, thereby allowing for the release of the aptamer later in an assay method.

Homogenous assays, done with all assay components in solution, do not require separation of sample and reagents prior to the detection of signal. These methods are rapid and easy to use. These methods generate signal based on a molecular capture or binding reagent that reacts with its specific target. For lung cancer, the molecular capture reagents would be an aptamer or an antibody or the like and the specific target would be a lung cancer biomarker of Table 1, Col. 2.

In one embodiment, a method for signal generation takes advantage of anisotropy signal change due to the interaction of a fluorophore-labeled capture reagent with its specific biomarker target. When the labeled capture reacts with its target, the increased molecular weight causes the rotational motion of the fluorophore attached to the complex to become much slower changing the anisotropy value. By monitoring the anisotropy change, binding events may be used to quantitatively measure the biomarkers in solutions. Other methods include fluorescence polarization assays, molecular beacon methods, time resolved fluorescence quenching, chemiluminescence, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and the like.

An exemplary solution-based aptamer assay that can be used to detect a biomarker value corresponding to a biomarker in a biological sample includes the following: (a) preparing a mixture by contacting the biological sample with an aptamer that includes a first tag and has a specific affinity for the biomarker, wherein an aptamer affinity complex is formed when the biomarker is present in the sample; (b) exposing the mixture to a first solid support including a first capture element, and allowing the first tag to associate with the first capture element; (c) removing any components of the mixture not associated with the first solid support; (d) attaching a second tag to the biomarker component of the aptamer affinity complex; (e) releasing the aptamer affinity complex from the first solid support; (f) exposing the released aptamer affinity complex to a second solid support that includes a second capture element and allowing the second tag to associate with the second capture element; (g) removing any non-complexed aptamer from the mixture by partitioning the non-complexed aptamer from the aptamer affinity complex; (h) eluting the aptamer from the solid support; and (i) detecting the biomarker by detecting the aptamer component of the aptamer affinity complex.

Determination of Biomarker Values Using Immunoassays

Immunoassay methods are based on the reaction of an antibody to its corresponding target or analyte and can detect the analyte in a sample depending on the specific assay format. To improve specificity and sensitivity of an assay method based on immuno-reactivity, monoclonal antibodies are often used because of their specific epitope recognition. Polyclonal antibodies have also been successfully used in various immunoassays because of their increased affinity for the target as compared to monoclonal antibodies. Immunoassays have been designed for use with a wide range of biological sample matrices. Immunoassay formats have been designed to provide qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative results.

Quantitative results are generated through the use of a standard curve created with known concentrations of the specific analyte to be detected. The response or signal from an unknown sample is plotted onto the standard curve, and a quantity or value corresponding to the target in the unknown sample is established.

Numerous immunoassay formats have been designed. ELISA or EIA can be quantitative for the detection of an analyte. This method relies on attachment of a label to either the analyte or the antibody and the label component includes, either directly or indirectly, an enzyme. ELISA tests may be formatted for direct, indirect, competitive, or sandwich detection of the analyte. Other methods rely on labels such as, for example, radioisotopes (I¹²⁵) or fluorescence. Additional techniques include, for example, agglutination, nephelometry, turbidimetry, Western blot, immunoprecipitation, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, Luminex assay, and others (see ImmunoAssay: A Practical Guide, edited by Brian Law, published by Taylor & Francis, Ltd., 2005 edition).

Exemplary assay formats include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay, fluorescent, chemiluminescence, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or time resolved-FRET (TR-FRET) immunoassays. Examples of procedures for detecting biomarkers include biomarker immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative methods that allow size and peptide level discrimination, such as gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, planar electrochromatography, and the like.

Methods of detecting and/or quantifying a detectable label or signal generating material depend on the nature of the label. The products of reactions catalyzed by appropriate enzymes (where the detectable label is an enzyme; see above) can be, without limitation, fluorescent, luminescent, or radioactive or they may absorb visible or ultraviolet light. Examples of detectors suitable for detecting such detectable labels include, without limitation, x-ray film, radioactivity counters, scintillation counters, spectrophotometers, colorimeters, fluorometers, luminometers, and densitometers.

Any of the methods for detection can be performed in any format that allows for any suitable preparation, processing, and analysis of the reactions. This can be, for example, in multi-well assay plates (e.g., 96 wells or 384 wells) or using any suitable array or microarray. Stock solutions for various agents can be made manually or robotically, and all subsequent pipetting, diluting, mixing, distribution, washing, incubating, sample readout, data collection and analysis can be done robotically using commercially available analysis software, robotics, and detection instrumentation capable of detecting a detectable label.

Determination of Biomarker Values Using Gene Expression Profiling

Measuring mRNA in a biological sample may be used as a surrogate for detection of the level of the corresponding protein in the biological sample. Thus, any of the biomarkers or biomarker panels described herein can also be detected by detecting the appropriate RNA.

mRNA expression levels are measured by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR followed with qPCR). RT-PCR is used to create a cDNA from the mRNA. The cDNA may be used in a qPCR assay to produce fluorescence as the DNA amplification process progresses. By comparison to a standard curve, qPCR can produce an absolute measurement such as number of copies of mRNA per cell. Northern blots, microarrays, Invader assays, and RT-PCR combined with capillary electrophoresis have all been used to measure expression levels of mRNA in a sample. See Gene Expression Profiling: Methods and Protocols, Richard A. Shimkets, editor, Humana Press, 2004.

miRNA molecules are small RNAs that are non-coding but may regulate gene expression. Any of the methods suited to the measurement of mRNA expression levels can also be used for the corresponding miRNA. Recently many laboratories have investigated the use of miRNAs as biomarkers for disease. Many diseases involve wide-spread transcriptional regulation, and it is not surprising that miRNAs might find a role as biomarkers. The connection between miRNA concentrations and disease is often even less clear than the connections between protein levels and disease, yet the value of miRNA biomarkers might be substantial. Of course, as with any RNA expressed differentially during disease, the problems facing the development of an in vitro diagnostic product will include the requirement that the miRNAs survive in the diseased cell and are easily extracted for analysis, or that the miRNAs are released into blood or other matrices where they must survive long enough to be measured. Protein biomarkers have similar requirements, although many potential protein biomarkers are secreted intentionally at the site of pathology and function, during disease, in a paracrine fashion. Many potential protein biomarkers are designed to function outside the cells within which those proteins are synthesized.

Detection of Biomarkers Using In Vivo Molecular Imaging Technologies

Any of the described biomarkers (see Table 1, Col. 2) may also be used in molecular imaging tests. For example, an imaging agent can be coupled to any of the described biomarkers, which can be used to aid in lung cancer diagnosis, to monitor disease progression/remission or metastasis, to monitor for disease recurrence, or to monitor response to therapy, among other uses.

In vivo imaging technologies provide non-invasive methods for determining the state of a particular disease in the body of an individual. For example, entire portions of the body, or even the entire body, may be viewed as a three dimensional image, thereby providing valuable information concerning morphology and structures in the body. Such technologies may be combined with the detection of the biomarkers described herein to provide information concerning the cancer status, in particular the lung cancer status, of an individual.

The use of in vivo molecular imaging technologies is expanding due to various advances in technology. These advances include the development of new contrast agents or labels, such as radiolabels and/or fluorescent labels, which can provide strong signals within the body; and the development of powerful new imaging technology, which can detect and analyze these signals from outside the body, with sufficient sensitivity and accuracy to provide useful information. The contrast agent can be visualized in an appropriate imaging system, thereby providing an image of the portion or portions of the body in which the contrast agent is located. The contrast agent may be bound to or associated with a capture reagent, such as an aptamer or an antibody, for example, and/or with a peptide or protein, or an oligonucleotide (for example, for the detection of gene expression), or a complex containing any of these with one or more macromolecules and/or other particulate forms.

The contrast agent may also feature a radioactive atom that is useful in imaging. Suitable radioactive atoms include technetium-99m or iodine-123 for scintigraphic studies. Other readily detectable moieties include, for example, spin labels for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) such as, for example, iodine-123 again, iodine-131, indium-111, fluorine-19, carbon-13, nitrogen-15, oxygen-17, gadolinium, manganese or iron. Such labels are well known in the art and could easily be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Standard imaging techniques include but are not limited to magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography scanning, positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and the like. For diagnostic in vivo imaging, the type of detection instrument available is a major factor in selecting a given contrast agent, such as a given radionuclide and the particular biomarker that it is used to target (protein, mRNA, and the like). The radionuclide chosen typically has a type of decay that is detectable by a given type of instrument. Also, when selecting a radionuclide for in vivo diagnosis, its half-life should be long enough to enable detection at the time of maximum uptake by the target tissue but short enough that deleterious radiation of the host is minimized.

Exemplary imaging techniques include but are not limited to PET and SPECT, which are imaging techniques in which a radionuclide is synthetically or locally administered to an individual. The subsequent uptake of the radiotracer is measured over time and used to obtain information about the targeted tissue and the biomarker. Because of the high-energy (gamma-ray) emissions of the specific isotopes employed and the sensitivity and sophistication of the instruments used to detect them, the two-dimensional distribution of radioactivity may be inferred from outside of the body.

Commonly used positron-emitting nuclides in PET include, for example, carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, and fluorine-18. Isotopes that decay by electron capture and/or gamma-emission are used in SPECT and include, for example iodine-123 and technetium-99m. An exemplary method for labeling amino acids with technetium-99m is the reduction of pertechnetate ion in the presence of a chelating precursor to form the labile technetium-99m-precursor complex, which, in turn, reacts with the metal binding group of a bifunctionally modified chemotactic peptide to form a technetium-99m-chemotactic peptide conjugate.

Antibodies are frequently used for such in vivo imaging diagnostic methods. The preparation and use of antibodies for in vivo diagnosis is well known in the art. Labeled antibodies which specifically bind any of the biomarkers in Table 1, Col. 2 can be injected into an individual suspected of having a certain type of cancer (e.g., lung cancer), detectable according to the particular biomarker used, for the purpose of diagnosing or evaluating the disease status of the individual. The label used will be selected in accordance with the imaging modality to be used, as previously described. Localization of the label permits determination of the spread of the cancer. The amount of label within an organ or tissue also allows determination of the presence or absence of cancer in that organ or tissue.

Similarly, aptamers may be used for such in vivo imaging diagnostic methods. For example, an aptamer that was used to identify a particular biomarker described in Table 1, Col. 2 (and therefore binds specifically to that particular biomarker) may be appropriately labeled and injected into an individual suspected of having lung cancer, detectable according to the particular biomarker, for the purpose of diagnosing or evaluating the lung cancer status of the individual. The label used will be selected in accordance with the imaging modality to be used, as previously described. Localization of the label permits determination of the spread of the cancer. The amount of label within an organ or tissue also allows determination of the presence or absence of cancer in that organ or tissue. Aptamer-directed imaging agents could have unique and advantageous characteristics relating to tissue penetration, tissue distribution, kinetics, elimination, potency, and selectivity as compared to other imaging agents.

Such techniques may also optionally be performed with labeled oligonucleotides, for example, for detection of gene expression through imaging with antisense oligonucleotides. These methods are used for in situ hybridization, for example, with fluorescent molecules or radionuclides as the label. Other methods for detection of gene expression include, for example, detection of the activity of a reporter gene.

Another general type of imaging technology is optical imaging, in which fluorescent signals within the subject are detected by an optical device that is external to the subject. These signals may be due to actual fluorescence and/or to bioluminescence. Improvements in the sensitivity of optical detection devices have increased the usefulness of optical imaging for in vivo diagnostic assays.

The use of in vivo molecular biomarker imaging is increasing, including for clinical trials, for example, to more rapidly measure clinical efficacy in trials for new cancer therapies and/or to avoid prolonged treatment with a placebo for those diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, in which such prolonged treatment may be considered to be ethically questionable.

For a review of other techniques, see N. Blow, Nature Methods, 6, 465-469, 2009.

Determination of Biomarker Values Using Histology/Cytology Methods

For evaluation of lung cancer, a variety of tissue samples may be used in histological or cytological methods. Sample selection depends on the primary tumor location and sites of metastases. For example, endo- and trans-bronchial biopsies, fine needle aspirates, cutting needles, and core biopsies can be used for histology. Bronchial washing and brushing, pleural aspiration, and sputum, can be used for cyotology. While cytological analysis is still used in the diagnosis of lung cancer, histological methods are known to provide better sensitivity for the detection of cancer. Any of the biomarkers identified herein that were shown to be up-regulated (see Table 37) in the individuals with lung cancer can be used to stain a histological specimen as an indication of disease.

In one embodiment, one or more capture reagent/s specific to the corresponding biomarker/s are used in a cytological evaluation of a lung cell sample and may include one or more of the following: collecting a cell sample, fixing the cell sample, dehydrating, clearing, immobilizing the cell sample on a microscope slide, permeabilizing the cell sample, treating for analyte retrieval, staining, destaining, washing, blocking, and reacting with one or more capture reagent/s in a buffered solution. In another embodiment, the cell sample is produced from a cell block.

In another embodiment, one or more capture reagent/s specific to the corresponding biomarkers are used in a histological evaluation of a lung tissue sample and may include one or more of the following: collecting a tissue specimen, fixing the tissue sample, dehydrating, clearing, immobilizing the tissue sample on a microscope slide, permeabilizing the tissue sample, treating for analyte retrieval, staining, destaining, washing, blocking, rehydrating, and reacting with capture reagent/s in a buffered solution. In another embodiment, fixing and dehydrating are replaced with freezing.

In another embodiment, the one or more aptamer/s specific to the corresponding biomarker/s are reacted with the histological or cytological sample and can serve as the nucleic acid target in a nucleic acid amplification method. Suitable nucleic acid amplification methods include, for example, PCR, q-beta replicase, rolling circle amplification, strand displacement, helicase dependent amplification, loop mediated isothermal amplification, ligase chain reaction, and restriction and circularization aided rolling circle amplification.

In one embodiment, the one or more capture reagent/s specific to the corresponding biomarkers for use in the histological or cytological evaluation are mixed in a buffered solution that can include any of the following: blocking materials, competitors, detergents, stabilizers, carrier nucleic acid, polyanionic materials, etc.

A “cytology protocol” generally includes sample collection, sample fixation, sample immobilization, and staining. “Cell preparation” can include several processing steps after sample collection, including the use of one or more slow off-rate aptamers for the staining of the prepared cells.

Sample collection can include directly placing the sample in an untreated transport container, placing the sample in a transport container containing some type of media, or placing the sample directly onto a slide (immobilization) without any treatment or fixation.

Sample immobilization can be improved by applying a portion of the collected specimen to a glass slide that is treated with polylysine, gelatin, or a silane. Slides can be prepared by smearing a thin and even layer of cells across the slide. Care is generally taken to minimize mechanical distortion and drying artifacts. Liquid specimens can be processed in a cell block method. Or, alternatively, liquid specimens can be mixed 1:1 with the fixative solution for about 10 minutes at room temperature.

Cell blocks can be prepared from residual effusions, sputum, urine sediments, gastrointestinal fluids, cell scraping, or fine needle aspirates. Cells are concentrated or packed by centrifugation or membrane filtration. A number of methods for cell block preparation have been developed. Representative procedures include the fixed sediment, bacterial agar, or membrane filtration methods. In the fixed sediment method, the cell sediment is mixed with a fixative like Bouins, picric acid, or buffered formalin and then the mixture is centrifuged to pellet the fixed cells. The supernatant is removed, drying the cell pellet as completely as possible. The pellet is collected and wrapped in lens paper and then placed in a tissue cassette. The tissue cassette is placed in a jar with additional fixative and processed as a tissue sample. Agar method is very similar but the pellet is removed and dried on paper towel and then cut in half. The cut side is placed in a drop of melted agar on a glass slide and then the pellet is covered with agar making sure that no bubbles form in the agar. The agar is allowed to harden and then any excess agar is trimmed away. This is placed in a tissue cassette and the tissue process completed. Alternatively, the pellet may be directly suspended in 2% liquid agar at 65° C. and the sample centrifuged. The agar cell pellet is allowed to solidify for an hour at 4° C. The solid agar may be removed from the centrifuge tube and sliced in half. The agar is wrapped in filter paper and then the tissue cassette. Processing from this point forward is as described above. Centrifugation can be replaced in any these procedures with membrane filtration. Any of these processes may be used to generate a “cell block sample”.

Cell blocks can be prepared using specialized resin including Lowicryl resins, LR White, LR Gold, Unicryl, and MonoStep. These resins have low viscosity and can be polymerized at low temperatures and with ultra violet (UV) light. The embedding process relies on progressively cooling the sample during dehydration, transferring the sample to the resin, and polymerizing a block at the final low temperature at the appropriate UV wavelength.

Cell block sections can be stained with hematoxylin-eosin for cytomorphological examination while additional sections are used for examination for specific markers.

Whether the process is cytologoical or histological, the sample may be fixed prior to additional processing to prevent sample degradation. This process is called “fixation” and describes a wide range of materials and procedures that may be used interchangeably. The sample fixation protocol and reagents are best selected empirically based on the targets to be detected and the specific cell/tissue type to be analyzed. Sample fixation relies on reagents such as ethanol, polyethylene glycol, methanol, formalin, or isopropanol. The samples should be fixed as soon after collection and affixation to the slide as possible. However, the fixative selected can introduce structural changes into various molecular targets making their subsequent detection more difficult. The fixation and immobilization processes and their sequence can modify the appearance of the cell and these changes must be anticipated and recognized by the cytotechnologist. Fixatives can cause shrinkage of certain cell types and cause the cytoplasm to appear granular or reticular. Many fixatives function by crosslinking cellular components. This can damage or modify specific epitopes, generate new epitopes, cause molecular associations, and reduce membrane permeability. Formalin fixation is one of the most common cytological/histological approaches. Formalin forms methyl bridges between neighboring proteins or within proteins. Precipitation or coagulation is also used for fixation and ethanol is frequently used in this type of fixation. A combination of crosslinking and precipitation can also be used for fixation. A strong fixation process is best at preserving morphological information while a weaker fixation process is best for the preservation of molecular targets.

A representative fixative is 50% absolute ethanol, 2 mM polyethylene glycol (PEG), 1.85% formaldehyde. Variations on this formulation include ethanol (50% to 95%), methanol (20%-50%), and formalin (formaldehyde) only. Another common fixative is 2% PEG 1500, 50% ethanol, and 3% methanol. Slides are place in the fixative for about 10 to 15 minutes at room temperature and then removed and allowed to dry. Once slides are fixed they can be rinsed with a buffered solution like PBS.

A wide range of dyes can be used to differentially highlight and contrast or “stain” cellular, sub-cellular, and tissue features or morphological structures. Hematoylin is used to stain nuclei a blue or black color. Orange G-6 and Eosin Azure both stain the cell's cytoplasm. Orange G stains keratin and glycogen containing cells yellow. Eosin Y is used to stain nucleoli, cilia, red blood cells, and superficial epithelial squamous cells. Romanowsky stains are used for air dried slides and are useful in enhancing pleomorphism and distinguishing extracellular from intracytoplasmic material.

The staining process can include a treatment to increase the permeability of the cells to the stain. Treatment of the cells with a detergent can be used to increase permeability. To increase cell and tissue permeability, fixed samples can be further treated with solvents, saponins, or non-ionic detergents. Enzymatic digestion can also improve the accessibility of specific targets in a tissue sample.

After staining, the sample is dehydrated using a succession of alcohol rinses with increasing alcohol concentration. The final wash is done with xylene or a xylene substitute, such as a citrus terpene, that has a refractive index close to that of the coverslip to be applied to the slide. This final step is referred to as clearing. Once the sample is dehydrated and cleared, a mounting medium is applied. The mounting medium is selected to have a refractive index close to the glass and is capable of bonding the coverslip to the slide. It will also inhibit the additional drying, shrinking, or fading of the cell sample.

Regardless of the stains or processing used, the final evaluation of the lung cytological specimen is made by some type of microscopy to permit a visual inspection of the morphology and a determination of the marker's presence or absence. Exemplary microscopic methods include brightfield, phase contrast, fluorescence, and differential interference contrast.

If secondary tests are required on the sample after examination, the coverslip may be removed and the slide destained. Destaining involves using the original solvent systems used in staining the slide originally without the added dye and in a reverse order to the original staining procedure. Destaining may also be completed by soaking the slide in an acid alcohol until the cells are colorless. Once colorless the slides are rinsed well in a water bath and the second staining procedure applied.

In addition, specific molecular differentiation may be possible in conjunction with the cellular morphological analysis through the use of specific molecular reagents such as antibodies or nucleic acid probes or aptamers. This improves the accuracy of diagnostic cytology. Micro-dissection can be used to isolate a subset of cells for additional evaluation, in particular, for genetic evaluation of abnormal chromosomes, gene expression, or mutations.

Preparation of a tissue sample for histological evaluation involves fixation, dehydration, infiltration, embedding, and sectioning. The fixation reagents used in histology are very similar or identical to those used in cytology and have the same issues of preserving morphological features at the expense of molecular ones such as individual proteins. Time can be saved if the tissue sample is not fixed and dehydrated but instead is frozen and then sectioned while frozen. This is a more gentle processing procedure and can preserve more individual markers. However, freezing is not acceptable for long term storage of a tissue sample as subcellular information is lost due to the introduction of ice crystals. Ice in the frozen tissue sample also prevents the sectioning process from producing a very thin slice and thus some microscopic resolution and imaging of subcellular structures can be lost. In addition to formalin fixation, osmium tetroxide is used to fix and stain phospholipids (membranes).

Dehydration of tissues is accomplished with successive washes of increasing alcohol concentration. Clearing employs a material that is miscible with alcohol and the embedding material and involves a stepwise process starting at 50:50 alcohol:clearing reagent and then 100% clearing agent (xylene or xylene substitute). Infiltration involves incubating the tissue with a liquid form of the embedding agent (warm wax, nitrocellulose solution) first at 50:50 embedding agent: clearing agent and the 100% embedding agent. Embedding is completed by placing the tissue in a mold or cassette and filling with melted embedding agent such as wax, agar, or gelatin. The embedding agent is allowed to harden. The hardened tissue sample may then be sliced into thin section for staining and subsequent examination.

Prior to staining, the tissue section is dewaxed and rehydrated. Xylene is used to dewax the section, one or more changes of xylene may be used, and the tissue is rehydrated by successive washes in alcohol of decreasing concentration. Prior to dewax, the tissue section may be heat immobilized to a glass slide at about 80° C. for about 20 minutes.

Laser capture micro-dissection allows the isolation of a subset of cells for further analysis from a tissue section.

As in cytology, to enhance the visualization of the microscopic features, the tissue section or slice can be stained with a variety of stains. A large menu of commercially available stains can be used to enhance or identify specific features.

To further increase the interaction of molecular reagents with cytological/histological samples, a number of techniques for “analyte retrieval” have been developed. The first such technique uses high temperature heating of a fixed sample. This method is also referred to as heat-induced epitope retrieval or HIER. A variety of heating techniques have been used, including steam heating, microwaving, autoclaving, water baths, and pressure cooking or a combination of these methods of heating. Analyte retrieval solutions include, for example, water, citrate, and normal saline buffers. The key to analyte retrieval is the time at high temperature but lower temperatures for longer times have also been successfully used. Another key to analyte retrieval is the pH of the heating solution. Low pH has been found to provide the best immunostaining but also gives rise to backgrounds that frequently require the use of a second tissue section as a negative control. The most consistent benefit (increased immunostaining without increase in background) is generally obtained with a high pH solution regardless of the buffer composition. The analyte retrieval process for a specific target is empirically optimized for the target using heat, time, pH, and buffer composition as variables for process optimization. Using the microwave analyte retrieval method allows for sequential staining of different targets with antibody reagents. But the time required to achieve antibody and enzyme complexes between staining steps has also been shown to degrade cell membrane analytes. Microwave heating methods have improved in situ hybridization methods as well.

To initiate the analyte retrieval process, the section is first dewaxed and hydrated. The slide is then placed in 10 mM sodium citrate buffer pH 6.0 in a dish or jar. A representative procedure uses an 1100W microwave and microwaves the slide at 100% power for 2 minutes followed by microwaving the slides using 20% power for 18 minutes after checking to be sure the slide remains covered in liquid. The slide is then allowed to cool in the uncovered container and then rinsed with distilled water. HIER may be used in combination with an enzymatic digestion to improve the reactivity of the target to immunochemical reagents.

One such enzymatic digestion protocol uses proteinase K. A 20 μg/ml concentration of proteinase K is prepared in 50 mM Tris Base, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% Triton X-100, pH 8.0 buffer. The process first involves dewaxing sections in 2 changes of xylene, 5 minutes each. Then the sample is hydrated in 2 changes of 100% ethanol for 3 minutes each, 95% and 80% ethanol for 1 minute each, and then rinsed in distilled water. Sections are covered with Proteinase K working solution and incubated 10-20 minutes at 37° C. in humidified chamber (optimal incubation time may vary depending on tissue type and degree of fixation). The sections are cooled at room temperature for 10 minutes and then rinsed in PBS Tween 20 for 2×2 min. If desired, sections can be blocked to eliminate potential interference from endogenous compounds and enzymes. The section is then incubated with primary antibody at appropriate dilution in primary antibody dilution buffer for 1 hour at room temperature or overnight at 4° C. The section is then rinsed with PBS Tween 20 for 2×2 min. Additional blocking can be performed, if required for the specific application, followed by additional rinsing with PBS Tween 20 for 3×2 min. and then finally the immunostaining protocol completed.

A simple treatment with 1% SDS at room temperature has also been demonstrated to improve immunohistochemical staining. Analyte retrieval methods have been applied to slide mounted sections as well as free floating sections. Another treatment option is to place the slide in a jar containing citric acid and 0.1 Nonident P40 at pH 6.0 and heating to 95° C. The slide is then washed with a buffer solution like PBS.

For immunological staining of tissues it may be useful to block non-specific association of the antibody with tissue proteins by soaking the section in a protein solution like serum or non-fat dry milk.

Blocking reactions may include the need to reduce the level of endogenous biotin; eliminate endogenous charge effects; inactivate endogenous nucleases; and/or inactivate endogenous enzymes like peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase. Endogenous nucleases may be inactivated by degradation with proteinase K, by heat treatment, use of a chelating agent such as EDTA or EGTA, the introduction of carrier DNA or RNA, treatment with a chaotrope such as urea, thiourea, guanidine hydrochloride, guanidine thiocyanate, lithium perchlorate, etc, or diethyl pyrocarbonate. Alkaline phosphatase may be inactivated by treated with 0.1N HCl for 5 minutes at room temperature or treatment with 1 mM levamisole. Peroxidase activity may be eliminated by treatment with 0.03% hydrogen peroxide. Endogenous biotin may be blocked by soaking the slide or section in an avidin (streptavidin, neutravidin may be substituted) solution for at least 15 minutes at room temperature. The slide or section is then washed for at least 10 minutes in buffer. This may be repeated at least three times. Then the slide or section is soaked in a biotin solution for 10 minutes. This may be repeated at least three times with a fresh biotin solution each time. The buffer wash procedure is repeated. Blocking protocols should be minimized to prevent damaging either the cell or tissue structure or the target or targets of interest but one or more of these protocols could be combined to “block” a slide or section prior to reaction with one or more slow off-rate aptamers. See Basic Medical Histology: the Biology of Cells, Tissues and Organs, authored by Richard G. Kessel, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Determination of Biomarker Values Using Mass Spectrometry Methods

A variety of configurations of mass spectrometers can be used to detect biomarker values. Several types of mass spectrometers are available or can be produced with various configurations. In general, a mass spectrometer has the following major components: a sample inlet, an ion source, a mass analyzer, a detector, a vacuum system, and instrument-control system, and a data system. Difference in the sample inlet, ion source, and mass analyzer generally define the type of instrument and its capabilities. For example, an inlet can be a capillary-column liquid chromatography source or can be a direct probe or stage such as used in matrix-assisted laser desorption. Common ion sources are, for example, electrospray, including nanospray and microspray or matrix-assisted laser desorption. Common mass analyzers include a quadrupole mass filter, ion trap mass analyzer and time-of-flight mass analyzer. Additional mass spectrometry methods are well known in the art (see Burlingame et al. Anal. Chem. 70:647 R-716R (1998); Kinter and Sherman, New York (2000)).

Protein biomarkers and biomarker values can be detected and measured by any of the following: electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), ESI-MS/MS, ESI-MS/(MS)n, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS), desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF), tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF) technology, called ultraflex III TOF/TOF, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS), APCI-MS/MS, APCI-(MS)^(N), atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), APPI-MS/MS, and APPI-(MS)^(N), quadrupole mass spectrometry, Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), quantitative mass spectrometry, and ion trap mass spectrometry.

Sample preparation strategies are used to label and enrich samples before mass spectroscopic characterization of protein biomarkers and determination biomarker values. Labeling methods include but are not limited to isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). Capture reagents used to selectively enrich samples for candidate biomarker proteins prior to mass spectroscopic analysis include but are not limited to aptamers, antibodies, nucleic acid probes, chimeras, small molecules, an F(ab′)₂ fragment, a single chain antibody fragment, an Fv fragment, a single chain Fv fragment, a nucleic acid, a lectin, a ligand-binding receptor, affybodies, nanobodies, ankyrins, domain antibodies, alternative antibody scaffolds (e.g. diabodies etc) imprinted polymers, avimers, peptidomimetics, peptoids, peptide nucleic acids, threose nucleic acid, a hormone receptor, a cytokine receptor, and synthetic receptors, and modifications and fragments of these.

The foregoing assays enable the detection of biomarker values that are useful in methods for diagnosing lung cancer, where the methods comprise detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, at least N biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker selected from the group consisting of the biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein a classification, as described in detail below, using the biomarker values indicates whether the individual has lung cancer. While certain of the described lung cancer biomarkers are useful alone for detecting and diagnosing lung cancer, methods are also described herein for the grouping of multiple subsets of the lung cancer biomarkers that are each useful as a panel of three or more biomarkers. Thus, various embodiments of the instant application provide combinations comprising N biomarkers, wherein N is at least three biomarkers. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 2-61 biomarkers. It will be appreciated that N can be selected to be any number from any of the above described ranges, as well as similar, but higher order, ranges. In accordance with any of the methods described herein, biomarker values can be detected and classified individually or they can be detected and classified collectively, as for example in a multiplex assay format.

In another aspect, methods are provided for detecting an absence of lung cancer, the methods comprising detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, at least N biomarker values that each correspond to a biomarker selected from the group consisting of the biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein a classification, as described in detail below, of the biomarker values indicates an absence of lung cancer in the individual. While certain of the described lung cancer biomarkers are useful alone for detecting and diagnosing the absence of lung cancer, methods are also described herein for the grouping of multiple subsets of the lung cancer biomarkers that are each useful as a panel of three or more biomarkers. Thus, various embodiments of the instant application provide combinations comprising N biomarkers, wherein N is at least three biomarkers. In other embodiments, N is selected to be any number from 2-61 biomarkers. It will be appreciated that N can be selected to be any number from any of the above described ranges, as well as similar, but higher order, ranges. In accordance with any of the methods described herein, biomarker values can be detected and classified individually or they can be detected and classified collectively, as for example in a multiplex assay format.

Classification of Biomarkers and Calculation of Disease Scores

A biomarker “signature” for a given diagnostic test contains a set of markers, each marker having different levels in the populations of interest. Different levels, in this context, may refer to different means of the marker levels for the individuals in two or more groups, or different variances in the two or more groups, or a combination of both. For the simplest form of a diagnostic test, these markers can be used to assign an unknown sample from an individual into one of two groups, either diseased or not diseased. The assignment of a sample into one of two or more groups is known as classification, and the procedure used to accomplish this assignment is known as a classifier or a classification method. Classification methods may also be referred to as scoring methods. There are many classification methods that can be used to construct a diagnostic classifier from a set of biomarker values. In general, classification methods are most easily performed using supervised learning techniques where a data set is collected using samples obtained from individuals within two (or more, for multiple classification states) distinct groups one wishes to distinguish. Since the class (group or population) to which each sample belongs is known in advance for each sample, the classification method can be trained to give the desired classification response. It is also possible to use unsupervised learning techniques to produce a diagnostic classifier.

Common approaches for developing diagnostic classifiers include decision trees; bagging+boosting+forests; rule inference based learning; Parzen Windows; linear models; logistic; neural network methods; unsupervised clustering; K-means; hierarchical ascending/descending; semi-supervised learning; prototype methods; nearest neighbor; kernel density estimation; support vector machines; hidden Markov models; Boltzmann Learning; and classifiers may be combined either simply or in ways which minimize particular objective functions. For a review, see, e.g., Pattern Classification, R. O. Duda, et al., editors, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd edition, 2001; see also, The Elements of Statistical Learning—Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, T. Hastie, et al., editors, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2nd edition, 2009; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

To produce a classifier using supervised learning techniques, a set of samples called training data are obtained. In the context of diagnostic tests, training data includes samples from the distinct groups (classes) to which unknown samples will later be assigned. For example, samples collected from individuals in a control population and individuals in a particular disease population can constitute training data to develop a classifier that can classify unknown samples (or, more particularly, the individuals from whom the samples were obtained) as either having the disease or being free from the disease. The development of the classifier from the training data is known as training the classifier. Specific details on classifier training depend on the nature of the supervised learning technique. For purposes of illustration, an example of training a naïve Bayesian classifier will be described below (see, e.g., Pattern Classification, R. O. Duda, et al., editors, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd edition, 2001; see also, The Elements of Statistical Learning—Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, T. Hastie, et al., editors, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2nd edition, 2009).

Since typically there are many more potential biomarker values than samples in a training set, care must be used to avoid over-fitting. Over-fitting occurs when a statistical model describes random error or noise instead of the underlying relationship. Over-fitting can be avoided in a variety of way, including, for example, by limiting the number of markers used in developing the classifier, by assuming that the marker responses are independent of one another, by limiting the complexity of the underlying statistical model employed, and by ensuring that the underlying statistical model conforms to the data.

An illustrative example of the development of a diagnostic test using a set of biomarkers includes the application of a naïve Bayes classifier, a simple probabilistic classifier based on Bayes theorem with strict independent treatment of the biomarkers. Each biomarker is described by a class-dependent probability density function (pdf) for the measured RFU values or log RFU (relative fluorescence units) values in each class. The joint pdfs for the set of markers in one class is assumed to be the product of the individual class-dependent pdfs for each biomarker. Training a naïve Bayes classifier in this context amounts to assigning parameters (“parameterization”) to characterize the class dependent pdfs. Any underlying model for the class-dependent pdfs may be used, but the model should generally conform to the data observed in the training set.

Specifically, the class-dependent probability of measuring a value x_(i) for biomarker i in the disease class is written as p(x_(i)|d) and the overall naïve Bayes probability of observing n markers with values {tilde under (x)}=x₁, x₂, . . . x_(n)) is written as

${p\left( {\underset{\sim}{x}❘d} \right)} = {\prod\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\;{p\left( {x_{i}❘d} \right)}}$ where the individual x_(i)s are the measured biomarker levels in RFU or log RFU. The classification assignment for an unknown is facilitated by calculating the probability of being diseased p(d|{tilde under (x)}) having measured {tilde under (x)} compared to the probability of being disease free (control) p(c|{tilde under (x)}) for the same measured values. The ratio of these probabilities is computed from the class-dependent pdfs by application of Bayes theorem, i.e.,

$\frac{p\left( {c❘\underset{\sim}{x}} \right)}{p\left( {d❘\underset{\sim}{x}} \right)} = \frac{{p\left( {\underset{\sim}{x}❘c} \right)}\left( {1 - {P(d)}} \right)}{{p\left( {\underset{\sim}{x}❘d} \right)}{P(d)}}$ where P(d) is the prevalence of the disease in the population appropriate to the test. Taking the logarithm of both sides of this ratio and substituting the naïve Bayes class-dependent probabilities from above gives ln

$\frac{p\left( {c❘\underset{\sim}{x}} \right)}{p\left( {d❘\underset{\sim}{x}} \right)} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\ln\frac{p\left( {x_{i}❘c} \right)}{p\left( {x_{i}❘d} \right)}}} + {\ln{\frac{\left( {1 - {P(d)}} \right)}{P(d)}.}}}$ This form is known as the log likelihood ratio and simply states that the log likelihood of being free of the particular disease versus having the disease and is primarily composed of the sum of individual log likelihood ratios of the n individual biomarkers. In its simplest form, an unknown sample (or, more particularly, the individual from whom the sample was obtained) is classified as being free of the disease if the above ratio is greater than zero and having the disease if the ratio is less than zero.

In one exemplary embodiment, the class-dependent biomarker pdfs p(x_(i)|c) and p(x_(i)|d) are assumed to be normal or log-normal distributions in the measured RFU values x_(i), i.e.

${p\left( {x_{i}❘c} \right)} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\;\pi}\sigma_{c,i}}e^{- \frac{{({x_{i} - \mu_{c,i}})}^{2}}{2\;\sigma_{c,i}^{2}}}}$ with a similar expression for p(x_(i)|d) with μ_(d,i) and σ_(d,i) ². Parameterization of the model requires estimation of two parameters for each class-dependent pdf, a mean μ and a variance ρ², from the training data. This may be accomplished in a number of ways, including, for example, by maximum likelihood estimates, by least-squares, and by any other methods known to one skilled in the art. Substituting the normal distributions for p(x_(i)|c) and p(x_(i)|d) into the log-likelihood ratio defined above gives the following expression:

${\ln\frac{p\left( {c❘\underset{\sim}{x}} \right)}{p\left( {d❘\underset{\sim}{x}} \right)}} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{\ln\frac{\sigma_{d,i}}{\sigma_{c,i}}}} - {\frac{1}{2}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\left\lbrack {\left( \frac{x_{i} - \mu_{c,i}}{\sigma_{c,i}} \right)^{2} - \left( \frac{x_{i} - \mu_{d,i}}{\sigma_{d,i}} \right)^{2}} \right\rbrack}} + {\ln{\frac{\left( {1 - {P(d)}} \right)}{P(d)}.}}}$ Once a set of μs and σ^(s)s have been defined for each pdf in each class from the training data and the disease prevalence in the population is specified, the Bayes classifier is fully determined and may be used to classify unknown samples with measured values {tilde under (x)}.

The performance of the naïve Bayes classifier is dependent upon the number and quality of the biomarkers used to construct and train the classifier. A single biomarker will perform in accordance with its KS-distance (Kolmogorov-Smirnov), as defined in Example 3, below. If a classifier performance metric is defined as the sum of the sensitivity (fraction of true positives, f_(TP)) and specificity (one minus the fraction of false positives, 1−f_(FP)), a perfect classifier will have a score of two and a random classifier, on average, will have a score of one. Using the definition of the KS-distance, that value x* which maximizes the difference in the cdf functions can be found by solving

$\frac{\partial{KS}}{\partial x} = {\frac{\partial\left( {{{cdf}_{c}(x)} - {{cdf}_{d}(x)}} \right)}{\partial x} = 0}$ for x which leads to p(x*|c)=p(x*|d), i.e, the KS distance occurs where the class-dependent pdfs cross. Substituting this value of x* into the expression for the KS-distance yields the following definition for

K S = cdf_(c)(x^(*)) − cdf_(d)(x^(*)) = ∫_(−∞)^(x^(*))p(x❘c) dx − ∫_(−∞)^(x^(*))p(x❘d) dx = 1 − ∫_(x^(*))^(∞)p(x❘c) dx − ∫_(−∞)^(x^(*))p(x❘d) dx = 1 − f_(FP) − f_(FN), the KS distance is one minus the total fraction of errors using a test with a cut-off at x*, essentially a single analyte Bayesian classifier. Since we define a score of sensitivity+specificity=2−f_(FP)−f_(FN), combining the above definition of the KS-distance we see that sensitivity+specificity=1+KS. We select biomarkers with a statistic that is inherently suited for building naïve Bayes classifiers.

The addition of subsequent markers with good KS distances (>0.3, for example) will, in general, improve the classification performance if the subsequently added markers are independent of the first marker. Using the sensitivity plus specificity as a classifier score, it is straightforward to generate many high scoring classifiers with a variation of a greedy algorithm. (A greedy algorithm is any algorithm that follows the problem solving metaheuristic of making the locally optimal choice at each stage with the hope of finding the global optimum.)

The algorithm approach used here is described in detail in Example 4. Briefly, all single analyte classifiers are generated from a table of potential biomarkers and added to a list. Next, all possible additions of a second analyte to each of the stored single analyte classifiers is then performed, saving a predetermined number of the best scoring pairs, say, for example, a thousand, on a new list. All possible three marker classifiers are explored using this new list of the best two-marker classifiers, again saving the best thousand of these. This process continues until the score either plateaus or begins to deteriorate as additional markers are added. Those high scoring classifiers that remain after convergence can be evaluated for the desired performance for an intended use. For example, in one diagnostic application, classifiers with a high sensitivity and modest specificity may be more desirable than modest sensitivity and high specificity. In another diagnostic application, classifiers with a high specificity and a modest sensitivity may be more desirable. The desired level of performance is generally selected based upon a trade-off that must be made between the number of false positives and false negatives that can each be tolerated for the particular diagnostic application. Such trade-offs generally depend on the medical consequences of an error, either false positive or false negative.

Various other techniques are known in the art and may be employed to generate many potential classifiers from a list of biomarkers using a naïve Bayes classifier. In one embodiment, what is referred to as a genetic algorithm can be used to combine different markers using the fitness score as defined above. Genetic algorithms are particularly well suited to exploring a large diverse population of potential classifiers. In another embodiment, so-called ant colony optimization can be used to generate sets of classifiers. Other strategies that are known in the art can also be employed, including, for example, other evolutionary strategies as well as simulated annealing and other stochastic search methods. Metaheuristic methods, such as, for example, harmony search may also be employed.

Exemplary embodiments use any number of the lung cancer biomarkers listed in Table 1, Col. 2 in various combinations to produce diagnostic tests for detecting lung cancer (see Example 2 for a detailed description of how these biomarkers were identified). In one embodiment, a method for diagnosing lung cancer uses a naïve Bayes classification method in conjunction with any number of the lung cancer biomarkers listed in Table 1, Col. 2. In an illustrative example (Example 3), the simplest test for detecting lung cancer from a population of asymptomatic smokers can be constructed using a single biomarker, for example, SCFsR which is down-regulated in lung cancer with a KS-distance of 0.37 (1+KS=1.37). Using the parameters μ_(c,i), σ_(c,i), μ_(d,i) and σ_(d,i) for SCFsR from Table 41 and the equation for the log-likelihood described above, a diagnostic test with a sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 73% (sensitivity+specificity=1.36) can be produced, see Table 40. The ROC curve for this test is displayed in FIG. 2 and has an AUC of 0.75.

Addition of biomarker HSP90a, for example, with a KS-distance of 0.5, significantly improves the classifier performance to a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 0.75% (sensitivity+specificity=1.51) and an AUC=0.84. Note that the score for a classifier constructed of two biomarkers is not a simple sum of the KS-distances; KS-distances are not additive when combining biomarkers and it takes many more weak markers to achieve the same level of performance as a strong marker. Adding a third marker, ERBB1, for example, boosts the classifier performance to 78% sensitivity and 83% specificity and AUC=0.87. Adding additional biomarkers, such as, for example, PTN, BTK, CD30, Kallikrein 7, LRIG3, LDH-H1, and PARC, produces a series of lung cancer tests summarized in Table 40 and displayed as a series of ROC curves in FIG. 3. The score of the classifiers as a function of the number of analytes used in classifier construction is displayed in FIG. 4. The sensitivity and specificity of this exemplary ten-marker classifier is >87% and the AUC is 0.91.

The markers listed in Table 1, Col. 2 can be combined in many ways to produce classifiers for diagnosing lung cancer. In some embodiments, panels of biomarkers are comprised of different numbers of analytes depending on a specific diagnostic performance criterion that is selected. For example, certain combinations of biomarkers will produce tests that are more sensitive (or more specific) than other combinations.

Once a panel is defined to include a particular set of biomarkers from Table 1, Col. 2 and a classifier is constructed from a set of training data, the definition of the diagnostic test is complete. In one embodiment, the procedure used to classify an unknown sample is outlined in FIG. 1A. In another embodiment the procedure used to classify an unknown sample is outlined in FIG. 1B. The biological sample is appropriately diluted and then run in one or more assays to produce the relevant quantitative biomarker levels used for classification. The measured biomarker levels are used as input for the classification method that outputs a classification and an optional score for the sample that reflects the confidence of the class assignment.

Table 1 identifies 61 biomarkers that are useful for diagnosing lung cancer. This is a surprisingly larger number than expected when compared to what is typically found during biomarker discovery efforts and may be attributable to the scale of the described study, which encompassed over 800 proteins measured in hundreds of individual samples, in some cases at concentrations in the low femtomolar range. Presumably, the large number of discovered biomarkers reflects the diverse biochemical pathways implicated in both tumor biology and the body's response to the tumor's presence; each pathway and process involves many proteins. The results show that no single protein of a small group of proteins is uniquely informative about such complex processes; rather, that multiple proteins are involved in relevant processes, such as apoptosis or extracellular matrix repair, for example.

Given the numerous biomarkers identified during the described study, one would expect to be able to derive large numbers of high-performing classifiers that can be used in various diagnostic methods. To test this notion, tens of thousands of classifiers were evaluated using the biomarkers in Table 1. As described in Example 4, many subsets of the biomarkers presented in Table 1 can be combined to generate useful classifiers. By way of example, descriptions are provided for classifiers containing 1, 2, and 3 biomarkers for each of two uses: lung cancer screening of smokers at high risk and diagnosis of individuals that have pulmonary nodules that are detectable by CT. As described in Example 4, all classifiers that were built using the biomarkers in Table 1 perform distinctly better than classifiers that were built using “non-markers”.

The performance of classifiers obtained by randomly excluding some of the markers in Table 1, which resulted in smaller subsets from which to build the classifiers, was also tested. As described in Example 4, Part 3, the classifiers that were built from random subsets of the markers in Table 1 performed similarly to optimal classifiers that were built using the full list of markers in Table 1.

The performance of ten-marker classifiers obtained by excluding the “best” individual markers from the ten-marker aggregation was also tested. As described in Example 4, Part 3, classifiers constructed without the “best” markers in Table 1 also performed well. Many subsets of the biomarkers listed in Table 1 performed close to optimally, even after removing the top 15 of the markers listed in the Table. This implies that the performance characteristics of any particular classifier are likely not due to some small core group of biomarkers and that the disease process likely impacts numerous biochemical pathways, which alters the expression level of many proteins.

The results from Example 4 suggest certain possible conclusions: First, the identification of a large number of biomarkers enables their aggregation into a vast number of classifiers that offer similarly high performance. Second, classifiers can be constructed such that particular biomarkers may be substituted for other biomarkers in a manner that reflects the redundancies that undoubtedly pervade the complexities of the underlying disease processes. That is to say, the information about the disease contributed by any individual biomarker identified in Table 1 overlaps with the information contributed by other biomarkers, such that it may be that no particular biomarker or small group of biomarkers in Table 1 must be included in any classifier.

Exemplary embodiments use naïve Bayes classifiers constructed from the data in Tables 38 and 39 to classify an unknown sample. The procedure is outlined in FIGS. 1A and B. In one embodiment, the biological sample is optionally diluted and run in a multiplexed aptamer assay. The data from the assay are normalized and calibrated as outlined in Example 3, and the resulting biomarker levels are used as input to a Bayes classification scheme. The log-likelihood ratio is computed for each measured biomarker individually and then summed to produce a final classification score, which is also referred to as a diagnostic score. The resulting assignment as well as the overall classification score can be reported. Optionally, the individual log-likelihood risk factors computed for each biomarker level can be reported as well. The details of the classification score calculation are presented in Example 3.

Kits

Any combination of the biomarkers of Table 1, Col. 2 (as well as additional biomedical information) can be detected using a suitable kit, such as for use in performing the methods disclosed herein. Furthermore, any kit can contain one or more detectable labels as described herein, such as a fluorescent moiety, etc.

In one embodiment, a kit includes (a) one or more capture reagents (such as, for example, at least one aptamer or antibody) for detecting one or more biomarkers in a biological sample, wherein the biomarkers include any of the biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, and optionally (b) one or more software or computer program products for classifying the individual from whom the biological sample was obtained as either having or not having lung cancer or for determining the likelihood that the individual has lung cancer, as further described herein. Alternatively, rather than one or more computer program products, one or more instructions for manually performing the above steps by a human can be provided.

The combination of a solid support with a corresponding capture reagent and a signal generating material is referred to herein as a “detection device” or “kit”. The kit can also include instructions for using the devices and reagents, handling the sample, and analyzing the data. Further the kit may be used with a computer system or software to analyze and report the result of the analysis of the biological sample.

The kits can also contain one or more reagents (e.g., solubilization buffers, detergents, washes, or buffers) for processing a biological sample. Any of the kits described herein can also include, e.g., buffers, blocking agents, mass spectrometry matrix materials, antibody capture agents, positive control samples, negative control samples, software and information such as protocols, guidance and reference data.

In one aspect, the invention provides kits for the analysis of lung cancer status. The kits include PCR primers for one or more biomarkers selected from Table 1, Col. 2. The kit may further include instructions for use and correlation of the biomarkers with lung cancer. The kit may also include a DNA array containing the complement of one or more of the biomarkers selected from Table 1, Col. 2, reagents, and/or enzymes for amplifying or isolating sample DNA. The kits may include reagents for real-time PCR, for example, TaqMan probes and/or primers, and enzymes.

For example, a kit can comprise (a) reagents comprising at least capture reagent for quantifying one or more biomarkers in a test sample, wherein said biomarkers comprise the biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2, or any other biomarkers or biomarkers panels described herein, and optionally (b) one or more algorithms or computer programs for performing the steps of comparing the amount of each biomarker quantified in the test sample to one or more predetermined cutoffs and assigning a score for each biomarker quantified based on said comparison, combining the assigned scores for each biomarker quantified to obtain a total score, comparing the total score with a predetermined score, and using said comparison to determine whether an individual has lung cancer. Alternatively, rather than one or more algorithms or computer programs, one or more instructions for manually performing the above steps by a human can be provided.

Computer Methods and Software

Once a biomarker or biomarker panel is selected, a method for diagnosing an individual can comprise the following: 1) collect or otherwise obtain a biological sample; 2) perform an analytical method to detect and measure the biomarker or biomarkers in the panel in the biological sample; 3) perform any data normalization or standardization required for the method used to collect biomarker values; 4) calculate the marker score; 5) combine the marker scores to obtain a total diagnostic score; and 6) report the individual's diagnostic score. In this approach, the diagnostic score may be a single number determined from the sum of all the marker calculations that is compared to a preset threshold value that is an indication of the presence or absence of disease. Or the diagnostic score may be a series of bars that each represent a biomarker value and the pattern of the responses may be compared to a pre-set pattern for determination of the presence or absence of disease.

At least some embodiments of the methods described herein can be implemented with the use of a computer. An example of a computer system 100 is shown in FIG. 6. With reference to FIG. 6, system 100 is shown comprised of hardware elements that are electrically coupled via bus 108, including a processor 101, input device 102, output device 103, storage device 104, computer-readable storage media reader 105 a, communications system 106 processing acceleration (e.g., DSP or special-purpose processors) 107 and memory 109. Computer-readable storage media reader 105 a is further coupled to computer-readable storage media 105 b, the combination comprehensively representing remote, local, fixed and/or removable storage devices plus storage media, memory, etc. for temporarily and/or more permanently containing computer-readable information, which can include storage device 104, memory 109 and/or any other such accessible system 100 resource. System 100 also comprises software elements (shown as being currently located within working memory 191) including an operating system 192 and other code 193, such as programs, data and the like.

With respect to FIG. 6, system 100 has extensive flexibility and configurability. Thus, for example, a single architecture might be utilized to implement one or more servers that can be further configured in accordance with currently desirable protocols, protocol variations, extensions, etc. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that embodiments may well be utilized in accordance with more specific application requirements. For example, one or more system elements might be implemented as sub-elements within a system 100 component (e.g., within communications system 106). Customized hardware might also be utilized and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software or both. Further, while connection to other computing devices such as network input/output devices (not shown) may be employed, it is to be understood that wired, wireless, modem, and/or other connection or connections to other computing devices might also be utilized.

In one aspect, the system can comprise a database containing features of biomarkers characteristic of lung cancer. The biomarker data (or biomarker information) can be utilized as an input to the computer for use as part of a computer implemented method. The biomarker data can include the data as described herein.

In one aspect, the system further comprises one or more devices for providing input data to the one or more processors.

The system further comprises a memory for storing a data set of ranked data elements.

In another aspect, the device for providing input data comprises a detector for detecting the characteristic of the data element, e.g., such as a mass spectrometer or gene chip reader.

The system additionally may comprise a database management system. User requests or queries can be formatted in an appropriate language understood by the database management system that processes the query to extract the relevant information from the database of training sets.

The system may be connectable to a network to which a network server and one or more clients are connected. The network may be a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), as is known in the art. Preferably, the server includes the hardware necessary for running computer program products (e.g., software) to access database data for processing user requests.

The system may include an operating system (e.g., UNIX or Linux) for executing instructions from a database management system. In one aspect, the operating system can operate on a global communications network, such as the internet, and utilize a global communications network server to connect to such a network.

The system may include one or more devices that comprise a graphical display interface comprising interface elements such as buttons, pull down menus, scroll bars, fields for entering text, and the like as are routinely found in graphical user interfaces known in the art. Requests entered on a user interface can be transmitted to an application program in the system for formatting to search for relevant information in one or more of the system databases. Requests or queries entered by a user may be constructed in any suitable database language.

The graphical user interface may be generated by a graphical user interface code as part of the operating system and can be used to input data and/or to display inputted data. The result of processed data can be displayed in the interface, printed on a printer in communication with the system, saved in a memory device, and/or transmitted over the network or can be provided in the form of the computer readable medium.

The system can be in communication with an input device for providing data regarding data elements to the system (e.g., expression values). In one aspect, the input device can include a gene expression profiling system including, e.g., a mass spectrometer, gene chip or array reader, and the like.

The methods and apparatus for analyzing lung cancer biomarker information according to various embodiments may be implemented in any suitable manner, for example, using a computer program operating on a computer system. A conventional computer system comprising a processor and a random access memory, such as a remotely-accessible application server, network server, personal computer or workstation may be used. Additional computer system components may include memory devices or information storage systems, such as a mass storage system and a user interface, for example a conventional monitor, keyboard and tracking device. The computer system may be a stand-alone system or part of a network of computers including a server and one or more databases.

The lung cancer biomarker analysis system can provide functions and operations to complete data analysis, such as data gathering, processing, analysis, reporting and/or diagnosis. For example, in one embodiment, the computer system can execute the computer program that may receive, store, search, analyze, and report information relating to the lung cancer biomarkers. The computer program may comprise multiple modules performing various functions or operations, such as a processing module for processing raw data and generating supplemental data and an analysis module for analyzing raw data and supplemental data to generate a lung cancer status and/or diagnosis. Diagnosing lung cancer status may comprise generating or collecting any other information, including additional biomedical information, regarding the condition of the individual relative to the disease, identifying whether further tests may be desirable, or otherwise evaluating the health status of the individual.

Referring now to FIG. 7, an example of a method of utilizing a computer in accordance with principles of a disclosed embodiment can be seen. In FIG. 7, a flowchart 3000 is shown. In block 3004, biomarker information can be retrieved for an individual. The biomarker information can be retrieved from a computer database, for example, after testing of the individual's biological sample is performed. The biomarker information can comprise biomarker values that each correspond to one of at least N biomarkers selected from a group consisting of the biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein N=2-61. In block 3008, a computer can be utilized to classify each of the biomarker values. And, in block 3012, a determination can be made as to the likelihood that an individual has lung cancer based upon a plurality of classifications. The indication can be output to a display or other indicating device so that it is viewable by a person. Thus, for example, it can be displayed on a display screen of a computer or other output device.

Referring now to FIG. 8, an alternative method of utilizing a computer in accordance with another embodiment can be illustrated via flowchart 3200. In block 3204, a computer can be utilized to retrieve biomarker information for an individual. The biomarker information comprises a biomarker value corresponding to a biomarker selected from the group of biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2. In block 3208, a classification of the biomarker value can be performed with the computer. And, in block 3212, an indication can be made as to the likelihood that the individual has lung cancer based upon the classification. The indication can be output to a display or other indicating device so that it is viewable by a person. Thus, for example, it can be displayed on a display screen of a computer or other output device.

Some embodiments described herein can be implemented so as to include a computer program product. A computer program product may include a computer readable medium having computer readable program code embodied in the medium for causing an application program to execute on a computer with a database.

As used herein, a “computer program product” refers to an organized set of instructions in the form of natural or programming language statements that are contained on a physical media of any nature (e.g., written, electronic, magnetic, optical or otherwise) and that may be used with a computer or other automated data processing system. Such programming language statements, when executed by a computer or data processing system, cause the computer or data processing system to act in accordance with the particular content of the statements. Computer program products include without limitation: programs in source and object code and/or test or data libraries embedded in a computer readable medium. Furthermore, the computer program product that enables a computer system or data processing equipment device to act in pre-selected ways may be provided in a number of forms, including, but not limited to, original source code, assembly code, object code, machine language, encrypted or compressed versions of the foregoing and any and all equivalents.

In one aspect, a computer program product is provided for indicating a likelihood of lung cancer. The computer program product includes a computer readable medium embodying program code executable by a processor of a computing device or system, the program code comprising: code that retrieves data attributed to a biological sample from an individual, wherein the data comprises biomarker values that each correspond to one of at least N biomarkers in the biological sample selected from the group of biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2, wherein N=2-61; and code that executes a classification method that indicates a lung disease status of the individual as a function of the biomarker values.

In still another aspect, a computer program product is provided for indicating a likelihood of lung cancer. The computer program product includes a computer readable medium embodying program code executable by a processor of a computing device or system, the program code comprising: code that retrieves data attributed to a biological sample from an individual, wherein the data comprises a biomarker value corresponding to a biomarker in the biological sample selected from the group of biomarkers provided in Table 1, Col. 2; and code that executes a classification method that indicates a lung disease status of the individual as a function of the biomarker value.

While various embodiments have been described as methods or apparatuses, it should be understood that embodiments can be implemented through code coupled with a computer, e.g., code resident on a computer or accessible by the computer. For example, software and databases could be utilized to implement many of the methods discussed above. Thus, in addition to embodiments accomplished by hardware, it is also noted that these embodiments can be accomplished through the use of an article of manufacture comprised of a computer usable medium having a computer readable program code embodied therein, which causes the enablement of the functions disclosed in this description. Therefore, it is desired that embodiments also be considered protected by this patent in their program code means as well. Furthermore, the embodiments may be embodied as code stored in a computer-readable memory of virtually any kind including, without limitation, RAM, ROM, magnetic media, optical media, or magneto-optical media. Even more generally, the embodiments could be implemented in software, or in hardware, or any combination thereof including, but not limited to, software running on a general purpose processor, microcode, PLAs, or ASICs.

It is also envisioned that embodiments could be accomplished as computer signals embodied in a carrier wave, as well as signals (e.g., electrical and optical) propagated through a transmission medium. Thus, the various types of information discussed above could be formatted in a structure, such as a data structure, and transmitted as an electrical signal through a transmission medium or stored on a computer readable medium.

It is also noted that many of the structures, materials, and acts recited herein can be recited as means for performing a function or step for performing a function. Therefore, it should be understood that such language is entitled to cover all such structures, materials, or acts disclosed within this specification and their equivalents, including the matter incorporated by reference.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the application as defined by the appended claims. All examples described herein were carried out using standard techniques, which are well known and routine to those of skill in the art. Routine molecular biology techniques described in the following examples can be carried out as described in standard laboratory manuals, such as Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd. ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (2001).

Example 1. Multiplexed Aptamer Analysis of Samples for Lung Cancer Biomarker Selection

This example describes the multiplex aptamer assay used to analyze the samples and controls for the identification of the biomarkers set forth in Table 1, Col. 2 (see FIG. 9). In this case, the multiplexed analysis utilized 825 aptamers, each unique to a specific target.

In this method, pipette tips were changed for each solution addition.

Also, unless otherwise indicated, most solution transfers and wash additions used the 96-well head of a Beckman Biomek Fx^(P). Method steps manually pipetted used a twelve channel P200 Pipetteman (Rainin Instruments, LLC, Oakland, Calif.), unless otherwise indicated. A custom buffer referred to as SB17 was prepared in-house, comprising 40 mM HEPES, 100 mM NaC1, 5 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EDTA at pH7.5. All steps were performed at room temperature unless otherwise indicated.

1. Preparation of Aptamer Stock Solution

For aptamers without a photo-cleavable biotin linker, custom stock aptamer solutions for 10%, 1% and 0.03% serum were prepared at 8× concentration in 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 with appropriate photo-cleavable, biotinylated primers, where the resultant primer concentration was 3 times the relevant aptamer concentration. The primers hybridized to all or part of the corresponding aptamer.

Each of the 3, 8× aptamer solutions were diluted separately 1:4 into 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 (1500 μL of 8× stock into 4500 μL of 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20) to achieve a 2× concentration. Each diluted aptamer master mix was then split, 1500 μL each, into 4, 2 mL screw cap tubes and brought to 95° C. for 5 minutes, followed by a 37° C. incubation for 15 minutes. After incubation, the 4, 2 mL tubes corresponding to a particular aptamer master mix were combined into a reagent trough, and 55 μL of a 2× aptamer mix (for all three mixes) was manually pipetted into a 96-well Hybaid plate and the plate foil sealed. The final result was 3, 96-well, foil-sealed Hybaid plates. The individual aptamer concentration ranged from 0.5-4 nM as indicated in Table 28.

2. Assay Sample Preparation

Frozen aliquots of 100% serum, stored at −80° C., were placed in 25° C. water bath for 10 minutes. Thawed samples were placed on ice, gently vortexed (set on 4) for 8 seconds and then replaced on ice.

A 20% sample solution was prepared by transferring 16 μL of sample using a 50 μL 8-channel spanning pipettor into 96-well Hybaid plates, each well containing 64 μL of the appropriate sample diluent at 4° C. (0.8×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20, 2 μM Z-block_2, 0.6 mM MgCl₂ for serum). This plate was stored on ice until the next sample dilution steps were initiated.

To commence sample and aptamer equilibration, the 20% sample plate was briefly centrifuged and placed on the Beckman FX where it was mixed by pipetting up and down with the 96-well pipettor. A 2% sample was then prepared by diluting 10 μL of the 20% sample into 90 μL of 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20. Next, dilution of 6 μL of the resultant 2% sample into 194 μL of 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 made a 0.06% sample plate. Dilutions were done on the Beckman Biomek Fx^(P). After each transfer, the solutions were mixed by pipetting up and down. The 3 sample dilution plates were then transferred to their respective aptamer solutions by adding 55 μL of the sample to 55 μL of the appropriate 2× aptamer mix. The sample and aptamer solutions were mixed on the robot by pipetting up and down.

3. Sample Equilibration Binding

The sample/aptamer plates were foil sealed and placed into a 37° C. incubator for 3.5 hours before proceeding to the Catch 1 step.

4. Preparation of Catch 2 Bead Plate

An 11 mL aliquot of MyOne (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.) Streptavidin C1 beads was washed 2 times with equal volumes of 20 mM NaOH (5 minute incubation for each wash), 3 times with equal volumes of 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 and resuspended in 11 mL 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20. Using a 12-span multichannel pipettor, 50 μL of this solution was manually pipetted into each well of a 96-well Hybaid plate. The plate was then covered with foil and stored at 4° C. for use in the assay.

5. Preparation of Catch 1 Bead Plates

Three 0.45 μm Millipore HV plates (Durapore membrane, Cat# MAHVN4550) were equilibrated with 100 μL of 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 for at least 10 minutes. The equilibration buffer was then filtered through the plate and 133.3 μL of a 7.5% Streptavidin-agarose bead slurry (in 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20) was added into each well. To keep the streptavidin-agarose beads suspended while transferring them into the filter plate, the bead solution was manually mixed with a 200 μL, 12-channel pipettor, 15 times. After the beads were distributed across the 3 filter plates, a vacuum was applied to remove the bead supernatant. Finally, the beads were washed in the filter plates with 200 μL 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 and then resuspended in 200 μL 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20. The bottoms of the filter plates were blotted and the plates stored for use in the assay.

6. Loading the Cytomat

The cytomat was loaded with all tips, plates, all reagents in troughs (except NHS-biotin reagent which was prepared fresh right before addition to the plates), 3 prepared catch 1 filter plates and 1 prepared MyOne plate.

7. Catch 1

After a 3.5 hour equilibration time, the sample/aptamer plates were removed from the incubator, centrifuged for about 1 minute, foil removed, and placed on the deck of the Beckman Biomek Fx^(P). The Beckman Biomek Fx^(P) program was initiated. All subsequent steps in Catch 1 were performed by the Beckman Biomek Fx^(P) robot unless otherwise noted. Within the program, the vacuum was applied to the Catch 1 filter plates to remove the bead supernatant. One hundred microliters of each of the 10%, 1% and 0.03% equilibration binding reactions were added to their respective Catch 1 filtration plates, and each plate was mixed using an on-deck orbital shaker at 800 rpm for 10 minutes.

Unbound solution was removed via vacuum filtration. The catch 1 beads were washed with 190 μL of 100 μM biotin in 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 followed by 190 μL of 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 by dispensing the solution and immediately drawing a vacuum to filter the solution through the plate.

Next, 190 μL 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 was added to the Catch 1 plates. Plates were blotted to remove droplets using an on-deck blot station and then incubated with orbital shakers at 800 rpm for 10 minutes at 25° C.

The robot removed this wash via vacuum filtration and blotted the bottom of the filter plate to remove droplets using the on-deck blot station.

8. Tagging

A NHS-PEO4-biotin aliquot was thawed at 37° C. for 6 minutes and then diluted 1:100 with tagging buffer (SB17 at pH=7.25 0.05% Tween-20). The NHS-PEO4-biotin reagent was dissolved at 100 mM concentration in anhydrous DMSO and had been stored frozen at −20° C. Upon a robot prompt, the diluted NHS-PEO4-biotin reagent was manually added to an on-deck trough and the robot program was manually re-initiated to dispense 100 μL of the NHS-PEO4-biotin into each well of each Catch 1 filter plate. This solution was allowed to incubate with Catch 1 beads shaking at 800 rpm for 5 minutes on the obital shakers.

9. Kinetic Challenge and Photo-Cleavage

The tagging reaction was quenched by the addition of 150 μL of 20 mM glycine in 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 to the Catch 1 plates while still containing the NHS tag. The plates were then incubated for 1 minute on orbital shakers at 800 rpm. The NHS-tag/glycine solution was removed via vacuum filtration. Next, 190 μL 20 mM glycine (1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20) was added to each plate and incubated for 1 minute on orbital shakers at 800 rpm before removal by vacuum filtration.

190 μL of 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 was added to each plate and removed by vacuum filtration.

The wells of the Catch 1 plates were subsequently washed three times by adding 190 μL 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20, placing the plates on orbital shakers for 1 minute at 800 rpm followed by vacuum filtration. After the last wash the plates were placed on top of a 1 mL deep-well plate and removed from the deck. The Catch 1 plates were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 1 minute to remove as much extraneous volume from the agarose beads before elution as possible.

The plates were placed back onto the Beckman Biomek Fx^(P) and 85 μL of 10 mM Dx50₄ in 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 was added to each well of the filter plates.

The filter plates were removed from the deck, placed onto a Variomag Thermoshaker (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass.) under the BlackRay (Ted Pella, Inc., Redding, Calif.) light sources, and irradiated for 10 minutes while shaking at 800 rpm.

The photocleaved solutions were sequentially eluted from each Catch 1 plate into a common deep well plate by first placing the 10% Catch 1 filter plate on top of a 1 mL deep-well plate and centrifuging at 1000 rpm for 1 minute. The 1% and 0.03% catch 1 plates were then sequentially centrifuged into the same deep well plate.

10. Catch 2 Bead Capture

The 1 mL deep well block containing the combined eluates of catch 1 was placed on the deck of the Beckman Biomek Fx^(P) for catch 2.

The robot transferred all of the photo-cleaved eluate from the 1 mL deep-well plate onto the Hybaid plate containing the previously prepared catch 2 MyOne magnetic beads (after removal of the MyOne buffer via magnetic separation).

The solution was incubated while shaking at 1350 rpm for 5 minutes at 25° C. on a Variomag Thermoshaker (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, Mass.).

The robot transferred the plate to the on deck magnetic separator station. The plate was incubated on the magnet for 90 seconds before removal and discarding of the supernatant.

11. 37° C. 30% Glycerol Washes

The catch 2 plate was moved to the on-deck thermal shaker and 75 μL of 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 was transferred to each well. The plate was mixed for 1 minute at 1350 rpm and 37° C. to resuspend and warm the beads. To each well of the catch 2 plate, 75 μL of 60% glycerol at 37° C. was transferred and the plate continued to mix for another minute at 1350 rpm and 37° C. The robot transferred the plate to the 37° C. magnetic separator where it was incubated on the magnet for 2 minutes and then the robot removed and discarded the supernatant. These washes were repeated two more times.

After removal of the third 30% glycerol wash from the catch 2 beads, 150 μL of 1×SB17, 0.05% Tween-20 was added to each well and incubated at 37° C., shaking at 1350 rpm for 1 minute, before removal by magnetic separation on the 37° C. magnet.

The catch 2 beads were washed a final time using 150 μL 1×SB19, 0.05% Tween-20 with incubation for 1 minute while shaking at 1350 rpm, prior to magnetic separation.

12. Catch 2 Bead Elution and Neutralization

The aptamers were eluted from catch 2 beads by adding 105 μL of 100 mM CAPSO with 1 M NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20 to each well. The beads were incubated with this solution with shaking at 1300 rpm for 5 minutes.

The catch 2 plate was then placed onto the magnetic separator for 90 seconds prior to transferring 90 μL of the eluate to a new 96-well plate containing 10 μL of 500 mM HCl, 500 mM HEPES, 0.05% Tween-20 in each well. After transfer, the solution was mixed robotically by pipetting 90 μL up and down five times.

13. Hybridization

The Beckman Biomek Fx^(P) transferred 20 μL of the neutralized catch 2 eluate to a fresh Hybaid plate, and 5 μL of 10× Agilent Block, containing a 10× spike of hybridization controls, was added to each well. Next, 25 μL of 2× Agilent Hybridization buffer was manually pipetted to the each well of the plate containing the neutralized samples and blocking buffer and the solution was mixed by manually pipetting 25 μL up and down 15 times slowly to avoid extensive bubble formation. The plate was spun at 1000 rpm for 1 minute.

A gasket slide was placed into an Agilent hybridization chamber and 40 μL of each of the samples containing hybridization and blocking solution was manually pipetted into each gasket. An 8-channel variable spanning pipettor was used in a manner intended to minimize bubble formation. Custom Agilent microarray slides (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif.), with their Number Barcode facing up, were then slowly lowered onto the gasket slides (see Agilent manual for detailed description).

The top of the hybridization chambers were placed onto the slide/backing sandwich and clamping brackets slid over the whole assembly. These assemblies were tightly clamped by turning the screws securely.

Each slide/backing slide sandwich was visually inspected to assure the solution bubble could move freely within the sample. If the bubble did not move freely the hybridization chamber assembly was gently tapped to disengage bubbles lodged near the gasket.

The assembled hybridization chambers were incubated in an Agilent hybridization oven for 19 hours at 60° C. rotating at 20 rpm.

14. Post Hybridization Washing

Approximately 400 mL Agilent Wash Buffer 1 was placed into each of two separate glass staining dishes. One of the staining dishes was placed on a magnetic stir plate and a slide rack and stir bar were placed into the buffer.

A staining dish for Agilent Wash 2 was prepared by placing a stir bar into an empty glass staining dish.

A fourth glass staining dish was set aside for the final acetonitrile wash.

Each of six hybridization chambers was disassembled. One-by-one, the slide/backing sandwich was removed from its hybridization chamber and submerged into the staining dish containing Wash 1. The slide/backing sandwich was pried apart using a pair of tweezers, while still submerging the microarray slide. The slide was quickly transferred into the slide rack in the Wash 1 staining dish on the magnetic stir plate.

The slide rack was gently raised and lowered 5 times. The magnetic stirrer was turned on at a low setting and the slides incubated for 5 minutes.

When one minute was remaining for Wash 1, Wash Buffer 2 pre-warmed to 37° C. in an incubator was added to the second prepared staining dish. The slide rack was quickly transferred to Wash Buffer 2 and any excess buffer on the bottom of the rack was removed by scraping it on the top of the stain dish. The slide rack was gently raised and lowered 5 times. The magnetic stirrer was turned on at a low setting and the slides incubated for 5 minutes.

The slide rack was slowly pulled out of Wash 2, taking approximately 15 seconds to remove the slides from the solution.

With one minute remaining in Wash 2 acetonitrile (ACN) was added to the fourth staining dish. The slide rack was transferred to the acetonitrile stain dish. The slide rack was gently raised and lowered 5 times. The magnetic stirrer was turned on at a low setting and the slides incubated for 5 minutes.

The slide rack was slowly pulled out of the ACN stain dish and placed on an absorbent towel. The bottom edges of the slides were quickly dried and the slide was placed into a clean slide box.

15. Microarray Imaging

The microarray slides were placed into Agilent scanner slide holders and loaded into the Agilent Microarray scanner according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The slides were imaged in the Cy3-channel at 5 μm resolution at the 100% PMT setting and the XRD option enabled at 0.05. The resulting tiff images were processed using Agilent feature extraction software version 10.5.

Example 2. Biomarker Identification

The identification of potential lung cancer biomarkers was performed for three different diagnostic applications, diagnosis of suspicious nodules from a CT scan, screening of asymptomatic smokers for lung cancer, and diagnosing an individual with lung cancer. Serum samples were collected from four different sites in support of these three applications and include 247 NSCLC cases, 420 benign nodule controls and 352 asymptomatic smoker controls. Table 29 summarizes the site sample information. The multiplexed aptamer affinity assay as described in Example 1 was used to measure and report the RFU value for 825 analytes in each of these 1019 samples. Since the serum samples were obtained from four independent studies and sites under similar but different protocols, an examination of site differences prior to the analysis for biomarkers discovery was performed. Each of the three populations, benign nodule, asymptomatic smokers, and NSCLC, were separately compared between sites by generating within-site, class-dependent cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) for each of the 825 analytes. The KS-test was then applied to each analyte between all site pairs within a common class to identify those analytes that differed not by class but rather by site. In all site comparisons among the three classes, statistically significant site-dependent differences were observed. The KS-distance (Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic) between values from two sets of samples is a non parametric measurement of the extent to which the empirical distribution of the values from one set (Set A) differs from the distribution of values from the other set (Set B). For any value of a threshold T some proportion of the values from Set A will be less than T, and some proportion of the values from Set B will be less than T. The KS-distance measures the maximum (unsigned) difference between the proportion of the values from the two sets for any choice of T.

Such site-dependent effects tend to obscure the ability to identify specific control-disease differences. In order to minimize such effects and identify key disease dependent biomarkers, three distinct strategies were employed for biomarker discovery, namely (1) aggregated class-dependent cdfs across sites, (2) comparison of within-site class-dependent cdfs, and (3) blending methods (1) with (2). Details of these three methodologies and their results follow.

These three sets of potential biomarkers can be used to build classifiers that assign samples to either a control or disease group. In fact, many such classifiers were produced from these sets of biomarkers and the frequency with which any biomarker was used in good scoring classifiers determined Those biomarkers that occurred most frequently among the top scoring classifiers were the most useful for creating a diagnostic test. In this example, Bayesian classifiers were used to explore the classification space but many other supervised learning techniques may be employed for this purpose. The scoring fitness of any individual classifier was gauged by summing the sensitivity and specificity of the classifier at the Bayesian surface assuming a disease prevalence of 0.5. This scoring metric varies from zero to two, with two being an error-free classifier. The details of constructing a Bayesian classifier from biomarker population measurements are described in Example 3.

By aggregating the class-dependent samples across all sites in method (1), those analyte measurements that showed large site-to-site variation, on average, failed to exhibit class-dependent differences due to the large site-to-site differences. Such analytes were automatically removed from further analysis. However, those analytes that did show class-dependent differences across the sites are fairly robust biomarkers that were relatively insensitive to sample collection and sample handling variability. KS-distances were computed for all analytes using the class-dependent cdfs aggregated across all sites. Using a KS-distance threshold of 0.3 led to the identification of sixty five potential biomarkers for the benign nodule-NSCLC comparison and eighty three for the smoker-NSCLC comparison.

Using the sixty-five analytes exceeding the KS-distance threshold, a total of 282 10-analyte classifiers were found with a score of 1.7 or better (>85% sensitivity and >85% specificity, on average) for diagnosing NSCLC from a control group with benign nodules. From this set of classifiers, a total of nineteen biomarkers were found to be present in 10.0% or more of the high scoring classifiers. Table 30 provides a list of these potential biomarkers and FIG. 10 is a frequency plot for the identified biomarkers.

For the diagnosis of NSCLC from a group of asymptomatic smokers, a total of 1249 classifiers, each comprised of ten analytes, were found with a score of 1.7 or better using the eighty three potential biomarkers identified above. A total of twenty one analytes appear in this set of classifiers 10.0% or more. Table 31 provides a list of these biomarkers and FIG. 11 is a frequency plot for the identified biomarkers. This completed the biomarker identification using method (1).

Method (2) focused on consistency of potential biomarker changes between the control and case groups (nodules and smokers with lung cancer) among the individual sites. The class-dependent cdfs were constructed for all analytes within each site separately and from these cdfs the KS-distances were computed to identify potential biomarkers. Here, an analyte must have a KS-distance greater than some threshold in all the sites to be considered a potential biomarker. For the benign nodule versus NSCLC comparisons, a threshold of 0.3 yielded eleven analytes with consistent differences between case and control among the sites. Lowering the threshold to 0.275 for the KS-distance yielded nineteen analytes. Using these nineteen analytes to build potential 10-analyte Bayesian classifiers, there were 2897 classifiers that had a score of 1.6 or better. All nineteen analytes occurred with a frequency greater than 10% and are presented in Table 32 and FIG. 12.

For the asymptomatic smoker group versus the NSCLC group, a similar analysis yielded thirty-three analytes with KS-distances greater than 0.3 among all the sites. Building ten-analyte classifiers from this set of potential biomarkers yielded nineteen biomarkers with frequencies >10.0% in 1249 classifiers scoring 1.7 or higher. These analytes are displayed in Table 33 and FIG. 13.

Finally, by combining a core group of biomarkers identified by method (2) with those additional potential biomarkers identified in method (1) a set of classifiers was produced from this blended set of potential biomarkers. For the benign nodule diagnostic, the core group of biomarkers included those six analytes with a frequency >0.5. These six analytes were used to seed a Bayesian classifier to which additional markers were added up to a total of fifteen proteins. For a classification score >1.65, a total of 1316 Bayesian classifiers were built from this core. Twenty five potential biomarkers were identified from this set of classifiers using a frequency cut-off of 10%. These analytes are displayed in Table 34 and FIG. 14 is a frequency plot for the identified biomarkers. A similar analysis for the asymptomatic smoker and NSCLC groups identifies twenty six potential biomarkers from 1508 fifteen protein classifiers with scores >1.7 starting with a core from method (2) of seven proteins. Table 35 displays these results and FIG. 15 is a frequency plot for the identified biomarkers.

Biomarkers from FIGS. 10-15 were combined to generate a final list of biomarkers for lung cancer in Table 36. Table 37 includes a dissociation constant for the aptamer used to identify the biomarker, the limit of quantification for the marker in the multiplex aptamer assay, and whether the marker was up-regulated or down-regulated in the diseased population relative to the control population.

Example 3. Naïve Bayesian Classification for Lung Cancer

From the list of biomarkers identified as useful for discriminating between NSCLC and benign nodules, a panel of ten biomarkers was selected and a naïve Bayes classifier was constructed, see Table 41. The class-dependent probability density functions (pdfs), p(x_(i)|c) and p(x_(i)|d), where x_(i) is the log of the measured RFU value for biomarker i, and c and d refer to the control and disease populations, were modeled as normal distribution functions characterized by a mean μ and variance σ². The parameters for pdfs of the ten biomarkers are listed in Table 41 and an example of the raw data along with the model fit to a normal pdf is displayed in FIG. 5. The underlying assumption appears to fit the data quite well as evidenced by FIG. 5.

The naïve Bayes classification for such a model is given by the following equation, where P(d) is the prevalence of the disease in the population

${\ln\frac{p\left( {c❘\underset{\sim}{x}} \right)}{p\left( {d❘\underset{\sim}{x}} \right)}} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\left( {{\ln\frac{\sigma_{d,i}}{\sigma_{c,i}}} - {\frac{1}{2}\left\lbrack {\left( \frac{x_{i} - \mu_{c,i}}{\sigma_{c,i}} \right)^{2} - \left( \frac{x_{i} - \mu_{d,i}}{\sigma_{d,i}} \right)^{2}} \right\rbrack}} \right)} + {\ln\frac{\left( {1 - {P(d)}} \right)}{P(d)}}}$ appropriate to the test and n=10 here. Each of the terms in the summation is a log-likelihood ratio for an individual marker and the total log-likelihood ratio of a sample {tilde under (x)} being free from the disease of interest (i.e. in this case, NSCLC) versus having the disease is simply the sum of these individual terms plus a term that accounts for the prevalence of the disease. For simplicity, we assume P(d)=0.5 so that

${\ln\frac{\left( {1 - {P(d)}} \right)}{P(d)}} = 0.$

Given an unknown sample measurement in log(RFU) for each of the ten biomarkers of {tilde under (x)}=(3.13, 4.13, 4.48, 4.58, 3.78, 2.55, 3.02, 3.49, 2.92, 4.44), the calculation of the classification is detailed in Table 42. The individual components comprising the log likelihood ratio for control versus disease class are tabulated and can be computed from the parameters in Table 41 and the values of {tilde under (x)}. The sum of the individual log likelihood ratios is 5.77, or a likelihood of being free from the disease versus having the disease of 321:1, where likelihood=e^(5.77)=321. The first two biomarker values have likelihoods more consistent with the disease group (log likelihood <0) but the remaining eight biomarkers are all consistently found to favor the control group, the largest by a factor of 3:1. Multiplying the likelihoods together gives the same results as that shown above; a likelihood of 321:1 that the unknown sample is free from the disease. In fact, this sample came from the control population in the training set.

Example 4. Greedy Algorithm for Selecting Biomarker Panels for Classifiers

Part 1

This example describes the selection of biomarkers from Table 1 to form panels that can be used as classifiers in any of the methods described herein. Subsets of the biomarkers in Table 1 were selected to construct classifiers with good performance. This method was also used to determine which potential markers were included as biomarkers in Example 2.

The measure of classifier performance used here is the sum of the sensitivity and specificity; a performance of 1.0 is the baseline expectation for a random (coin toss) classifier, a classifier worse than random would score between 0.0 and 1.0, a classifier with better than random performance would score between 1.0 and 2.0. A perfect classifier with no errors would have a sensitivity of 1.0 and a specificity of 1.0, therefore a performance of 2.0 (1.0+1.0). One can apply the methods described in Example 4 to other common measures of performance such as area under the ROC curve, the F-measure, or the product of sensitivity and specificity. Specifically one might want to treat specificity and specificity with differing weight, so as to select those classifiers which perform with higher specificity at the expense of some sensitivity, or to select those classifiers which perform with higher sensitivity at the expense of some specificity. Since the method described here only involves a measure of “performance”, any weighting scheme which results in a single performance measure can be used. Different applications will have different benefits for true positive and true negative findings, and also different costs associated with false positive findings from false negative findings. For example, screening asymptomatic smokers and the differential diagnosis of benign nodules found on CT will not in general have the same optimal trade-off between specificity and sensitivity. The different demands of the two tests will in general require setting different weighting to positive and negative misclassifications, reflected in the performance measure. Changing the performance measure will in general change the exact subset of markers selected from Table 1, Col. 2 for a given set of data.

For the Bayesian approach to the discrimination of lung cancer samples from control samples described in Example 3, the classifier was completely parameterized by the distributions of biomarkers in the disease and benign training samples, and the list of biomarkers was chosen from Table 1; that is to say, the subset of markers chosen for inclusion determined a classifier in a one-to-one manner given a set of training data.

The greedy method employed here was used to search for the optimal subset of markers from Table 1. For small numbers of markers or classifiers with relatively few markers, every possible subset of markers was enumerated and evaluated in terms of the performance of the classifier constructed with that particular set of markers (see Example 4, Part 2). (This approach is well known in the field of statistics as “best subset selection”; see, e.g., Hastie et al, supra). However, for the classifiers described herein, the number of combinations of multiple markers can be very large, and it was not feasible to evaluate every possible set of 10 markers, for example, from the list of 40 markers (Table 39) (i.e., 847,660,528 combinations). Because of the impracticality of searching through every subset of markers, the single optimal subset may not be found; however, by using this approach, many excellent subsets were found, and, in many cases, any of these subsets may represent an optimal one.

Instead of evaluating every possible set of markers, a “greedy” forward stepwise approach may be followed (see, e.g., Dabney A R, Storey J D (2007) Optimality Driven Nearest Centroid Classification from Genomic Data. PLoS ONE 2(10): e1002. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001002). Using this method, a classifier is started with the best single marker (based on KS-distance for the individual markers) and is grown at each step by trying, in turn, each member of a marker list that is not currently a member of the set of markers in the classifier. The one marker which scores best in combination with the existing classifier is added to the classifier. This is repeated until no further improvement in performance is achieved. Unfortunately, this approach may miss valuable combinations of markers for which some of the individual markers are not all chosen before the process stops.

The greedy procedure used here was an elaboration of the preceding forward stepwise approach, in that, to broaden the search, rather than keeping just a single candidate classifier (marker subset) at each step, a list of candidate classifiers was kept. The list was seeded with every single marker subset (using every marker in the table on its own). The list was expanded in steps by deriving new classifiers (marker subsets) from the ones currently on the list and adding them to the list. Each marker subset currently on the list was extended by adding any marker from Table 1 not already part of that classifier, and which would not, on its addition to the subset, duplicate an existing subset (these are termed “permissible markers”). Every existing marker subset was extended by every permissible marker from the list. Clearly, such a process would eventually generate every possible subset, and the list would run out of space. Therefore, all the generated classifiers were kept only while the list was less than some predetermined size (often enough to hold all three marker subsets). Once the list reached the predetermined size limit, it became elitist; that is, only those classifiers which showed a certain level of performance were kept on the list, and the others fell off the end of the list and were lost. This was achieved by keeping the list sorted in order of classifier performance; new classifiers which were at least as good as the worst classifier currently on the list were inserted, forcing the expulsion of the current bottom underachiever. One further implementation detail is that the list was completely replaced on each generational step; therefore, every classifier on the list had the same number of markers, and at each step the number of markers per classifier grew by one.

Since this method produced a list of candidate classifiers using different combinations of markers, one may ask if the classifiers can be combined in order to avoid errors which might be made by the best single classifier, or by minority groups of the best classifiers. Such “ensemble” and “committee of experts” methods are well known in the fields of statistical and machine learning and include, for example, “Averaging”, “Voting”, “Stacking”, “Bagging” and “Boosting” (see, e.g., Hastie et al., supra). These combinations of simple classifiers provide a method for reducing the variance in the classifications due to noise in any particular set of markers by including several different classifiers and therefore information from a larger set of the markers from the biomarker table, effectively averaging between the classifiers. An example of the usefulness of this approach is that it can prevent outliers in a single marker from adversely affecting the classification of a single sample. The requirement to measure a larger number of signals may be impractical in conventional one marker at a time antibody assays but has no downside for a fully multiplexed aptamer assay. Techniques such as these benefit from a more extensive table of biomarkers and use the multiple sources of information concerning the disease processes to provide a more robust classification.

Part 2

The biomarkers selected in Table 1 gave rise to classifiers which perform better than classifiers built with “non-markers” (i.e., proteins having signals that did not meet the criteria for inclusion in Table 1 (as described in Example 2)).

For classifiers containing only one, two, and three markers, all possible classifiers obtained using the biomarkers in Table 1 were enumerated and examined for the distribution of performance compared to classifiers built from a similar table of randomly selected non-markers signals.

In FIG. 17 and FIG. 18, the sum of the sensitivity and specificity was used as the measure of performance; a performance of 1.0 is the baseline expectation for a random (coin toss) classifier. The histogram of classifier performance was compared with the histogram of performance from a similar exhaustive enumeration of classifiers built from a “non-marker” table of 40 non-marker signals; the 40 signals were randomly chosen from 400 aptamers that did not demonstrate differential signaling between control and disease populations (KS-distance<1.4).

FIG. 17 shows histograms of the performance of all possible one, two, and three-marker classifiers built from the biomarker parameters in Table 39 for biomarkers that can discriminate between benign nodules and NSCLC and compares these classifiers with all possible one, two, and three-marker classifiers built using the 40 “non-marker” aptamer RFU signals. FIG. 17A shows the histograms of single marker classifier performance, FIG. 17B shows the histogram of two marker classifier performance, and FIG. 17C shows the histogram of three marker classifier performance.

In FIG. 17, the solid lines represent the histograms of the classifier performance of all one, two, and three-marker classifiers using the biomarker data for benign nodules and NSCLC in Table 39. The dotted lines are the histograms of the classifier performance of all one, two, and three-marker classifiers using the data for benign nodules and NSCLC but using the set of random non-marker signals.

FIG. 18 shows histograms of the performance of all possible one, two, and three-marker classifiers built from the biomarker parameters in Table 38 for biomarkers that can discriminate between asymptomatic smokers and NSCLC and compares these with all possible one, two, and three-marker classifiers built using 40 “non-marker” aptamer RFU signals. FIG. 18A shows the histograms of single marker classifier performance, FIG. 18B shows the histogram of two marker classifier performance, and FIG. 18C shows the histogram of three marker classifier performance.

In FIG. 18, the solid lines represent the histograms of the classifier performance of all one, two, and three-marker classifiers using the biomarker parameters for asymptomatic smokers and NSCLC in Table 38. The dotted lines are the histograms of the classifier performance of all one, two, and three-marker classifiers using the data for asymptomatic smokers and NSCLC but using the set of random non-marker signals.

The classifiers built from the markers listed in Table 1 form a distinct histogram, well separated from the classifiers built with signals from the “non-markers” for all one-marker, two-marker, and three-marker comparisons. The performance and AUC score of the classifiers built from the biomarkers in Table 1 also increase faster with the number of markers than do the classifiers built from the non-markers, the separation increases between the marker and non-marker classifiers as the number of markers per classifier increases. All classifiers built using the biomarkers listed in Tables 38 and 39 perform distinctly better than classifiers built using the “non-markers”.

Part 3

To test whether a core subset of markers accounted for the good performance of the classifiers, half of the markers were randomly dropped from the lists of biomarkers in Tables 38 and 39. The performance, as measured by sensitivity plus specificity, of classifiers for distinguishing benign nodules from malignant nodules dropped slightly by 0.07 (from 1.74 to 1.67), and the performance of classifiers for distinguishing smokers who had cancer from those who did not also dropped slightly by 0.06 (from 1.76 to 1.70). The implication of the performance characteristics of subsets of the biomarker table is that multiple subsets of the listed biomarkers are effective in building a diagnostic test, and no particular core subset of markers dictates classifier performance.

In the light of these results, classifiers that excluded the best markers from Tables 38 and 39 were tested. FIG. 19 compares the performance of classifiers built with the full list of biomarkers in Tables 38 and 39 with the performance of classifiers built with a set of biomarkers from Tables 38 and 39 excluding top ranked markers.

FIG. 19 demonstrates that classifiers constructed without the best markers perform well, implying that the performance of the classifiers was not due to some small core group of markers and that the changes in the underlying processes associated with disease are reflected in the activities of many proteins. Many subsets of the biomarkers in Table 1 performed close to optimally, even after removing the top 15 of the 40 markers from Table 1.

FIG. 19A shows the effect on classifiers for discriminating benign nodules from NSCLC built with 2 to 10 markers. Even after dropping the 15 top-ranked markers (ranked by KS-distance) from Table 39, the benign nodule vs. NSCLC performance increased with the number of markers selected from the table to reach over 1.65 (Sensitivity+Specificity).

FIG. 19B shows the effect on classifiers for discriminating asymptomatic smokers from NSCLC built with 2 to 10 markers. Even after dropping the 15 top-ranked markers (ranked by KS-distance) from Table 38, the asymptomatic smokers vs. NSCLC performance increased with the number of markers selected from the table to reach over 1.7 (Sensitivity+Specificity), and closely approached the performance of the best classifier selected from the full list of biomarkers in Table 38.

Finally, FIG. 20 shows how the ROC performance of typical classifiers constructed from the list of parameters in Tables 38 and 39 according to Example 3. FIG. 20A shows the model performance from assuming the independence of markers as in Example 3, and FIG. 20B shows the actual ROC curves using the assay data set used to generate the parameters in Tables 38 and 39. It can be seen that the performance for a given number of selected markers was qualitatively in agreement, and that quantitative agreement degraded as the number of markers increases. (This is consistent with the notion that the information contributed by any particular biomarker concerning the disease processes is redundant with the information contributed by other biomarkers provided in Tables 38 and 39). FIG. 20 thus demonstrates that Tables 38 and 39 in combination with the methods described in Example 3 enable the construction and evaluation of a great many classifiers useful for the discrimination of NSCLC from benign nodules and the discrimination of asymptomatic smokers who have NSCLC from those who do not have NSCLC.

Example 5. Aptamer Specificity Demonstration in a Pull-down Assay

The final readout on the multiplex assay is based on the amount of aptamer recovered after the successive capture steps in the assay. The multiplex assay is based on the premise that the amount of aptamer recovered at the end of the assay is proportional to the amount of protein in the original complex mixture (e.g., plasma). In order to demonstrate that this signal is indeed derived from the intended analyte rather than from non-specifically bound proteins in plasma, we developed a gel-based pull-down assay in plasma. This assay can be used to visually demonstrate that a desired protein is in fact pulled out from plasma after equilibration with an aptamer as well as to demonstrate that aptamers bound to their intended protein targets can survive as a complex through the kinetic challenge steps in the assay. In the experiments described in this example, recovery of protein at the end of this pull-down assay requires that the protein remain non-covalently bound to the aptamer for nearly two hours after equilibration. Importantly, in this example we also provide evidence that non-specifically bound proteins dissociate during these steps and do not contribute significantly to the final signal. It should be noted that the pull-down procedure described in this example includes all of the key steps in the multiplex assay described above.

A. Plasma Pull-Down Assay

Plasma samples were prepared by diluting 50 μL EDTA-plasma to 100 μL in SB18 with 0.05% Tween-20 (SB18T) and 2 μM Z-Block. The plasma solution was equilibrated with 10 pmoles of a PBDC-aptamer in a final volume of 150 μL for 2 hours at 37° C. After equilibration, complexes and unbound aptamer were captured with 133 μL of a 7.5% Streptavidin-agarose bead slurry by incubating with shaking for 5 minutes at RT in a Durapore filter plate. The samples bound to beads were washed with biotin and with buffer under vacuum as described in Example 1. After washing, bound proteins were labeled with 0.5 mM NHS-S-S-biotin, 0.25 mM NHS-Alexa647 in the biotin diluent for 5 minutes with shaking at RT. This staining step allows biotinylation for capture of protein on streptavidin beads as well as highly sensitive staining for detection on a gel. The samples were washed with glycine and with buffer as described in Example 1. Aptamers were released from the beads by photocleavage using a Black Ray light source for 10 minutes with shaking at RT. At this point, the biotinylated proteins were captured on 0.5 mg MyOne Streptavidin beads by shaking for 5 minutes at RT. This step will capture proteins bound to aptamers as well as proteins that may have dissociated from aptamers since the initial equilibration. The beads were washed as described in Example 1. Proteins were eluted from the MyOne Streptavidin beads by incubating with 50 mM DTT in SB17T for 25 minutes at 37° C. with shaking. The eluate was then transferred to MyOne beads coated with a sequence complimentary to the 3′ fixed region of the aptamer and incubated for 25 minutes at 37° C. with shaking. This step captures all of the remaining aptamer. The beads were washed 2× with 100 μL SB17T for 1 minute and 1× with 100 μL SB19T for 1 minute. Aptamer was eluted from these final beads by incubating with 45 μL 20 mM NaOH for 2 minutes with shaking to disrupt the hybridized strands. 40 μL of this eluate was neutralized with 10 μL 80 mM HCl containing 0.05% Tween-20. Aliquots representing 5% of the eluate from the first set of beads (representing all plasma proteins bound to the aptamer) and 20% of the eluate from the final set of beads (representing all plasma proteins remaining bound at the end of our clinical assay) were run on a NuPAGE 4-12% Bis-Tris gel (Invitrogen) under reducing and denaturing conditions. Gels were imaged on an Alpha Innotech FluorChem Q scanner in the Cy5 channel to image the proteins.

B. Pull-down gels for aptamers were selected against LBP (˜1×10⁻⁷ M in plasma, polypeptide MW ˜60 kDa), C9 (˜1×10⁻⁶ M in plasma, polypeptide MW ˜60 kDa), and IgM (˜9×10⁻⁶ M in plasma, MW ˜70 kDa and 23 kDa), respectively. (See FIG. 16).

For each gel, lane 1 is the eluate from the Streptavidin-agarose beads, lane 2 is the final eluate, and lane 3 is a MW marker lane (major bands are at 110, 50, 30, 15, and 3.5 kDa from top to bottom). It is evident from these gels that there is a small amount non-specific binding of plasma proteins in the initial equilibration, but only the target remains after performing the capture steps of the assay. It is clear that the single aptamer reagent is sufficient to capture its intended analyte with no up-front depletion or fractionation of the plasma. The amount of remaining aptamer after these steps is then proportional to the amount of the analyte in the initial sample.

The foregoing embodiments and examples are intended only as examples. No particular embodiment, example, or element of a particular embodiment or example is to be construed as a critical, required, or essential element or feature of any of the claims. Further, no element described herein is required for the practice of the appended claims unless expressly described as “essential” or “critical.” Various alterations, modifications, substitutions, and other variations can be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope of the present application, which is defined by the appended claims. The specification, including the figures and examples, is to be regarded in an illustrative manner, rather than a restrictive one, and all such modifications and substitutions are intended to be included within the scope of the application. Accordingly, the scope of the application should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given above. For example, steps recited in any of the method or process claims may be executed in any feasible order and are not limited to an order presented in any of the embodiments, the examples, or the claims. Further, in any of the aforementioned methods, one or more biomarkers of Table 1 can be specifically excluded either as an individual biomarker or as a biomarker from any panel.

TABLE 1 Lung Cancer Biomarkers Column #4 Column #5 Gene Benign Column #6 Column #2 Designation Nodule Smokers Column #1 Biomarker Column #3 (Entrez versus versus Biomarker # Designation Alternate Protein Names Gene Link) NSCLC NSCLC 1 AMPM2 Methionine aminopeptidase 2 METAP2 X p67eIF2 p67 Initiation factor 2-associated 67 kDa glycoprotein Peptidase M 2 MetAP 2 MAP 2 2 Apo A-I apolipoprotein A-I APOA1 X Apolipoprotein A-1 3 b-ECGF FGF acidic FGF1 X FGF1 beta-ECGF Beta-endothelial cell growth factor 4 BLC BLC B lymphocyte chemoattractant CXCL13 X X Small inducible cytokine B13 CXCL13 BCA-1 5 BMP-1 Bone morphogenetic protein 1 BMP1 X X Procollagen C-proteinase PCP Mammalian tolloid protein mTId 6 BTK Tyrosine-protein kinase BTK BTK X Bruton tyrosine kinase Agammaglobulinaemia tyrosine kinase ATK B-cell progenitor kinase 7 C1s Complement C1s subcomponent C1S X C1s, Activated, Two-Chain Form 8 C9 Complement component C9 C9 X X 9 Cadherin E Cadherin-1 CDH1 X Epithelial cadherin E-cadherin Uvomorulin CAM 120/80 CD_antigen = CD324 10 Cadherin-6 Kidney-cadherin CDH6 X K-cadherin 11 Calpain I Calpain I (dimer of Calpain-1 CAPN1 X catalytic subunit and Calpain small CAPNS1 subunit 1) synonyms of the catalytic subunit include Calpain-1 large subunit: Calcium-activated neutral proteinase 1 Micromolar-calpain Cell proliferation-inducing gene 30 protein synonyms of the small subunit include: Calcium-dependent protease small subunit 1 Calcium-activated neutral proteinase small subunit CANP small subunit 12 Catalase Catalase CAT X 13 CATC Dipeptidyl-peptidase 1 precursor CTSC X Dipeptidyl-peptidase I DPP-I DPPI Cathepsin C Cathepsin J Dipeptidyl transferase 14 Cathepsin H Cathepsin H CTSH X 15 CD30 Ligand Tumor necrosis factor ligand TNFSF8 X X superfamily member 8 CD30-L CD153 antigen 16 CDK5-p35 CDK5/p35 is a dimer of Cell division CDK5 X protein kinase 5, and the p35 chain CDK5R1 of Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator 1 Cell division protein kinase 5 is also known as: Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 Tau protein kinase II catalytic subunit Serine/threonine-protein kinase PSSALRE p35 chain of Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator 1 is also known as: Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit 1 CDK5 activator 1 Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit 1 Tau protein kinase II regulatory subunit. 17 CK-MB Creatine Phosphokinase-MB CKB X X Isoenzyme, which is a dimer of CKM Creatine kinase M-type and B-type Creatine kinase M and B chains M-CK and B-CK CKM and CKB 18 CNDP1 Beta-Ala-His dipeptidase CNDP1 X X Carnosine dipeptidase 1 CNDP dipeptidase 1 Serum carnosinase Glutamate carboxypeptidase-like protein 2 19 Contactin-5 Neural recognition molecule NB-2 CNTN5 X hNB-2 20 CSK Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK CSK X X C-SRC kinase Protein-tyrosine kinase CYL 21 Cyclophilin A Cyclophilin A PPIA X Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A PPlase Peptidylprolyl isomerase Cyclosporin A-binding protein Rotamase A PPlase A 22 Endostatin Endostatin, which is cleaved from COL18A1 X Collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain 23 ERBB1 Epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR X X Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase ErbB-1 EGFR HER1 24 FGF-17 Fibroblast Growth Factor-17 FGF17 X X 25 FYN Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein FYN X kinase Fyn Protooncogene Syn p59-Fyn 26 GAPDH, liver Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate GAPDH X X dehydrogenase 27 HMG-1 High mobility group protein B1 HMGB1 X amphoterin Neurite growth-promoting protein 28 HSP 90a Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha HSP90AA1 X X HSP 86 Renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN- 38 29 HSP 90b Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta HSP90AB1 X HSP 90 HSP 84 30 IGFBP-2 Insulin-like growth factor-binding IGFBP2 X X protein 2 (IGF-binding protein 2; IGFBP-2; IBP-2; BP2) 31 IL-15 Ra Interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha IL15RA X 32 IL-17B Interleukin-17B IL17B X Neuronal interleukin-17 related factor Interleukin-20 Cytokine-like protein ZCYTO7 33 IMB1 Importin subunit beta-1 KPNB1 X Karyopherin subunit beta-1 Nuclear factor P97 Importin-90 34 Kallikrein 7 Kallikrein-7 KLK7 X hK7 Stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme hSCCE Serine protease 6 35 KPCI Protein kinase C iota type PRKCI X X nPKC-iota Atypical protein kinase C- lambda/iota aPKC-lambda/iota PRKC-lambda/iota 36 LDH-H 1 L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain LDHB X LDH-B LDH heart subunit LDH-H Renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN- 46 37 LGMN Legumain LGMN X Protease, cysteine 1 Asparaginyl endopeptidase 38 LRIG3 Leucine-rich repeats and LRIG3 X X immunoglobulin-like domains protein 3 39 Macrophage Macrophage mannose receptor 1 MRC1 X mannose MMR receptor C-type lectin domain family 13 member D CD_antigen = CD206 40 MEK1 Dual specificity mitogen-activated MAP2K1 X X protein kinase kinase 1 MAPK/ERK kinase 1 ERK activator kinase 1 41 METAP1 Methionine aminopeptidase 1 METAP1 X MetAP 1 MAP 1 Peptidase M1 42 Midkine Neurite outgrowth-promoting protein MDK X Neurite outgrowth-promoting factor 2 Midgestation and kidney protein Amphiregulin-associated protein ARAP 43 MIP-5 C-C motif chemokine 15 MIP5 X Small-inducible cytokine A15 Macrophage inflammatory protein 5 Chemokine CC-2 HCC-2 NCC-3 MIP-1 delta Leukotactin-1 LKN-1 Mrp-2b 44 MK13 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 MAPK13 X MAP kinase p38 delta Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 delta Stress-activated protein kinase 4 45 MMP-7 Matrilysin MMP7 X Pump-1 protease Uterine metalloproteinase Matrix metalloproteinase-7 MMP-7 Matrin 46 NACA Nascent polypeptide-associated NACA X complex subunit alpha NAC-alpha Alpha-NAC Allergen = Hom s 2 47 NAGK N-acetylglucosamine kinase NAGK X GlcNAc kinase 48 PARC C-C motif chemokine 18 CCL18 X Small-inducible cytokine A18 Macrophage inflammatory protein 4 MIP-4 Pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine CC chemokine PARC Alternative macrophage activation- associated CC chemokine 1 AMAC-1 Dendritic cell chemokine 1 DC-CK1 49 Proteinase-3 Proteinase-3 PRTN3 X PR-3 AGP7 P29 Myeloblastin Leukocyte proteinase 3 Wegener's autoantigen Neutrophil proteinase 4 NP4 C-ANCA antigen 50 Prothrombin Prothrombin F2 X X (Coagulation factor II) 51 PTN Pleiotrophin PTN X Heparin-binding growth-associated molecule HB-GAM Heparin-binding growth factor 8 HBGF-8 Osteoblast-specific factor 1 OSF-1 Heparin-binding neurite outgrowth- promoting factor 1 HBNF-1 Heparin-binding brain mitogen HBBM 52 RAC1 Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin RAC1 X substrate 1 p21-Rac1 Ras-like protein TC25 Cell migration-inducing gene 5 protein 53 Renin Renin REN X Angiotensinogenase 54 RGM-C Hemojuvelin HFE2 X Hemochromatosis type 2 protein RGM domain family member C 55 SCF sR Mast/stem cell growth factor KIT X X receptor (SCFR; Proto-oncogene tyrosine- protein kinase Kit; c-kit; CD_antigen = CD117) 56 sL-Selectin sL-Selectin SELL X Leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 Lymph node homing receptor LAM-1 L-Selectin L-Selectin, soluble Leukocyte surface antigen Leu-8 TQ1 gp90-MEL Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 LECAM1 CD62 antigen-like family member L 57 TCTP Translationally-controlled tumor TPT1 X protein p23 Histamine-releasing factor HRF Fortilin 58 UBE2N Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N UBE2N X Ubiquitin-protein ligase N Ubiquitin carrier protein N Ubc13 Bendless-like ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 59 Ubiquitin + 1 Ubiquitin RPS27A X 60 VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor A VEGFA X VEGF-A Vascular permeability factor 61 YES Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein YES X kinase Yes c-Yes p61-Yes

TABLE 2 100 Panels of 3 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 ApoA-I LRIG3 HSP90a 0.803 0.769 1.572 0.848 2 BLC CK-MB METAP1 0.779 0.795 1.575 0.839 3 BMP-1 ERBB1 METAP1 0.812 0.783 1.596 0.856 4 C9 ERBB1 KPCI 0.789 0.802 1.591 0.853 5 CATC HSP90a ERBB1 0.779 0.776 1.556 0.832 6 CD30Ligand SCFsR KPCI 0.784 0.793 1.577 0.839 7 CK-MB CNDP1 HSP90a 0.779 0.795 1.575 0.851 8 CSK CadherinE ERBB1 0.831 0.776 1.607 0.881 9 Cadherin-6 CadherinE ERBB1 0.756 0.812 1.568 0.851 10 CalpainI ERBB1 CadherinE 0.808 0.805 1.612 0.88 11 Catalase KPCI ERBB1 0.779 0.783 1.563 0.849 12 CathepsinH KPCI CadherinE 0.756 0.802 1.558 0.845 13 FGF-17 HSP90b ERBB1 0.775 0.812 1.587 0.852 14 CadherinE GAPDH, liver MMP-7 0.812 0.793 1.605 0.869 15 HMG-1 CK-MB ERBB1 0.775 0.81 1.584 0.849 16 IGFBP-2 ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.793 0.81 1.603 0.854 17 IL-17B CK-MB METAP1 0.798 0.776 1.574 0.839 18 CadherinE IMB1 ERBB1 0.808 0.788 1.596 0.867 19 LGMN CadherinE ERBB1 0.775 0.8 1.575 0.856 20 MEK1 CK-MB ERBB1 0.751 0.829 1.58 0.83 21 CK-MB MK13 HSP90a 0.779 0.81 1.589 0.854 22 MMR KPCI CadherinE 0.803 0.81 1.612 0.86 23 NACA CadherinE C9 0.789 0.79 1.579 0.835 24 MMP-7 NAGK CadherinE 0.793 0.793 1.586 0.857 25 Proteinase-3 CadherinE ERBB1 0.746 0.814 1.561 0.851 26 CK-MB Prothrombin HSP90a 0.803 0.762 1.565 0.857 27 RGM-C HSP90b ERBB1 0.784 0.819 1.603 0.854 28 VEGF ERBB1 CadherinE 0.77 0.817 1.587 0.848 29 YES HSP90a ERBB1 0.817 0.776 1.593 0.872 30 b-ECGF CK-MB HSP90a 0.793 0.795 1.589 0.857 31 ApoA-I KPCI CadherinE 0.765 0.805 1.57 0.836 32 BLC CadherinE IMB1 0.803 0.769 1.572 0.847 33 CK-MB BMP-1 METAP1 0.789 0.793 1.582 0.852 34 CATC KPCI ERBB1 0.789 0.76 1.548 0.831 35 CD30Ligand CadherinE ERBB1 0.77 0.8 1.57 0.846 36 CNDP1 ERBB1 METAP1 0.808 0.767 1.574 0.854 37 CK-MB ERBB1 CSK 0.793 0.807 1.601 0.874 38 Cadherin-6 CK-MB ERBB1 0.732 0.826 1.559 0.827 39 MMP-7 CalpainI CadherinE 0.812 0.798 1.61 0.868 40 Catalase CadherinE ERBB1 0.775 0.779 1.553 0.854 41 CathepsinH RGM-C HSP90a 0.793 0.762 1.555 0.848 42 FGF-17 GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.779 0.798 1.577 0.858 43 HMG-1 MMP-7 CadherinE 0.784 0.798 1.582 0.858 44 RGM-C IGFBP-2 HSP90a 0.803 0.774 1.577 0.853 45 IL-17B CK-MB GAPDH, liver 0.784 0.786 1.57 0.842 46 LGMN MMP-7 CadherinE 0.779 0.788 1.567 0.845 47 CK-MB LRIG3 HSP90a 0.817 0.795 1.612 0.866 48 YES MEK1 ERBB1 0.732 0.838 1.57 0.839 49 MK13 METAP1 ERBB1 0.789 0.786 1.574 0.851 50 CadherinE GAPDH, liver MMR 0.808 0.786 1.593 0.867 51 NACA METAP1 ERBB1 0.798 0.781 1.579 0.837 52 RGM-C NAGK ERBB1 0.779 0.8 1.579 0.856 53 Proteinase-3 GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.761 0.79 1.551 0.851 54 Prothrombin CSK ERBB1 0.812 0.752 1.565 0.847 55 CadherinE SCFsR KPCI 0.789 0.805 1.593 0.865 56 VEGF CalpainI CadherinE 0.808 0.776 1.584 0.849 57 b-ECGF METAP1 ERBB1 0.812 0.776 1.588 0.852 58 ApoA-I ERBB1 METAP1 0.793 0.776 1.57 0.856 59 BLC CK-MB CSK 0.756 0.812 1.568 0.832 60 CNDP1 BMP-1 METAP1 0.779 0.793 1.572 0.838 61 CadherinE C9 KPCI 0.779 0.807 1.586 0.853 62 CATC CalpainI ERBB1 0.793 0.755 1.548 0.835 63 CD30Ligand IMB1 ERBB1 0.789 0.779 1.567 0.848 64 Cadherin-6 HSP90a ERBB1 0.746 0.805 1.551 0.839 65 YES Catalase ERBB1 0.784 0.769 1.553 0.848 66 CathepsinH ERBB1 METAP1 0.765 0.788 1.553 0.849 67 FGF-17 CalpainI ERBB1 0.789 0.788 1.577 0.859 68 HMG-1 CadherinE ERBB1 0.793 0.788 1.582 0.867 69 CadherinE HSP90b ERBB1 0.817 0.812 1.629 0.872 70 CadherinE IGFBP-2 KPCI 0.775 0.8 1.575 0.863 71 IL-17B CK-MB HSP90a 0.789 0.779 1.567 0.839 72 LGMN CalpainI ERBB1 0.761 0.802 1.563 0.838 73 CK-MB LRIG3 HSP90b 0.779 0.814 1.594 0.836 74 MEK1 CadherinE ERBB1 0.765 0.802 1.568 0.857 75 CadherinE MK13 ERBB1 0.761 0.81 1.57 0.853 76 MMR HSP90b CadherinE 0.793 0.786 1.579 0.852 77 NACA HSP90a ERBB1 0.789 0.788 1.577 0.846 78 CadherinE NAGK ERBB1 0.789 0.79 1.579 0.871 79 Proteinase-3 IMB1 ERBB1 0.77 0.776 1.546 0.838 80 Prothrombin METAP1 ERBB1 0.793 0.767 1.56 0.842 81 SCFsR ERBB1 KPCI 0.784 0.805 1.589 0.854 82 VEGF HSP90b CadherinE 0.793 0.788 1.582 0.84 83 b-ECGF CadherinE CalpainI 0.779 0.793 1.572 0.848 84 ApoA-I CSK ERBB1 0.775 0.783 1.558 0.861 85 BLC CadherinE KPCI 0.779 0.783 1.563 0.852 86 BMP-1 CadherinE KPCI 0.784 0.783 1.567 0.849 87 C9 ERBB1 CadherinE 0.756 0.829 1.584 0.845 88 CATC GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.779 0.767 1.546 0.843 89 CD30Ligand METAP1 ERBB1 0.793 0.769 1.562 0.851 90 CNDP1 CadherinE KPCI 0.77 0.8 1.57 0.856 91 Cadherin-6 HSP90b ERBB1 0.756 0.795 1.551 0.834 92 Catalase MK13 ERBB1 0.77 0.774 1.544 0.838 93 CathepsinH METAP1 CadherinE 0.784 0.769 1.553 0.851 94 FGF-17 METAP1 ERBB1 0.793 0.783 1.577 0.855 95 HMG-1 METAP1 ERBB1 0.784 0.776 1.56 0.839 96 IGFBP-2 ERBB1 METAP1 0.789 0.786 1.574 0.858 97 IL-17B CadherinE HSP90b 0.761 0.805 1.565 0.84 98 LGMN METAP1 ERBB1 0.779 0.779 1.558 0.834 99 LRIG3 CadherinE HSP90b 0.798 0.788 1.586 0.852 100 MEK1 HSP90b ERBB1 0.761 0.795 1.556 0.841 Marker Count Marker Count ERBB1 59 FGF-17 4 CadherinE 39 CathepsinH 4 METAP1 18 Catalase 4 CK-MB 16 Cadherin-6 4 KPCI 14 CNDP1 4 HSP90a 13 CD30Ligand 4 HSP90b 10 CATC 4 GAPDH, liver  7 C9 4 CalpainI  7 BMP-1 4 MMP-7  5 BLC 4 CSK  5 ApoA-I 4 RGM-C  4 b-ECGF 3 MK13  4 YES 3 MEK1  4 VEGF 3 LRIG3  4 SCFsR 3 LGMN  4 Prothrombin 3 IMB1  4 Proteinase-3 3 IL-17B  4 NAGK 3 IGFBP-2  4 NACA 3 HMG-1  4 MMR 3

TABLE 3 100 Panels of 4 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 ApoA-I KPCI CadherinE MMR 0.836 0.79 1.626 0.865 2 BLC ERBB1 CSK CK-MB 0.808 0.821 1.629 0.859 3 CK-MB BMP-1 METAP1 ERBB1 0.831 0.802 1.633 0.874 4 C9 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI 0.836 0.802 1.638 0.873 5 CATC CadherinE HSP90b ERBB1 0.822 0.788 1.61 0.861 6 CD30Ligand KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 0.822 0.819 1.641 0.86 7 CK-MB CNDP1 CSK ERBB1 0.817 0.817 1.634 0.869 8 Cadherin-6 KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE 0.812 0.8 1.612 0.863 9 RGM-C CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 0.845 0.8 1.645 0.892 10 Catalase METAP1 ERBB1 CK-MB 0.836 0.783 1.619 0.874 11 CathepsinH SCFsR CadherinE KPCI 0.822 0.8 1.622 0.87 12 CK-MB FGF-17 ERBB1 METAP1 0.85 0.793 1.643 0.874 13 CadherinE IGFBP-2 GAPDH, liver CK-MB 0.831 0.807 1.638 0.886 14 HMG-1 C9 ERBB1 CadherinE 0.812 0.812 1.624 0.869 15 YES CK-MB ERBB1 HSP90a 0.831 0.821 1.652 0.884 16 IL-17B METAP1 ERBB1 CK-MB 0.84 0.795 1.636 0.87 17 IGFBP-2 MMP-7 CadherinE IMB1 0.854 0.776 1.631 0.875 18 LGMN KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE 0.822 0.798 1.619 0.865 19 CK-MB HSP90b CadherinE LRIG3 0.826 0.814 1.641 0.873 20 MEK1 METAP1 ERBB1 CK-MB 0.822 0.805 1.626 0.87 21 MK13 HSP90b ERBB1 CadherinE 0.822 0.814 1.636 0.875 22 NACA LRIG3 HSP90a CK-MB 0.831 0.795 1.626 0.846 23 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE NAGK 0.798 0.821 1.62 0.886 24 Proteinase-3 KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE 0.798 0.817 1.615 0.869 25 Prothrombin CadherinE MMP-7 CalpainI 0.85 0.776 1.626 0.868 26 VEGF CSK ERBB1 CadherinE 0.84 0.8 1.64 0.883 27 CadherinE GAPDH, liver MMR b-ECGF 0.831 0.79 1.621 0.865 28 ApoA-I ERBB1 METAP1 CadherinE 0.845 0.779 1.624 0.882 29 BLC SCFsR KPCI CadherinE 0.831 0.79 1.621 0.867 30 BMP-1 CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 0.85 0.776 1.626 0.878 31 CATC CK-MB KPCI ERBB1 0.831 0.774 1.605 0.842 32 CD30Ligand METAP1 CK-MB ERBB1 0.826 0.798 1.624 0.871 33 CNDP1 SCFsR CadherinE KPCI 0.836 0.795 1.631 0.878 34 Cadherin-6 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE 0.798 0.812 1.61 0.86 35 CK-MB Catalase KPCI ERBB1 0.812 0.805 1.617 0.863 36 CathepsinH ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.84 0.781 1.621 0.876 37 CK-MB FGF-17 ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.808 0.826 1.634 0.868 38 HMG-1 KPCI MMP-7 CadherinE 0.822 0.802 1.624 0.865 39 IL-17B CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b 0.826 0.805 1.631 0.874 40 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 IMB1 0.831 0.798 1.629 0.879 41 YES CadherinE ERBB1 LGMN 0.798 0.814 1.612 0.868 42 MEK1 CadherinE HSP90b ERBB1 0.812 0.812 1.624 0.877 43 CadherinE MK13 MMR KPCI 0.826 0.8 1.626 0.871 44 NACA CadherinE MMR ERBB1 0.84 0.781 1.621 0.87 45 RGM-C CadherinE MMR NAGK 0.812 0.807 1.619 0.867 46 Proteinase-3 KPCI CK-MB CadherinE 0.789 0.824 1.613 0.861 47 Prothrombin HSP90b ERBB1 RGM-C 0.798 0.826 1.624 0.856 48 VEGF ERBB1 HSP90a CadherinE 0.817 0.817 1.634 0.877 49 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b 0.812 0.807 1.619 0.876 50 ApoA-I MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI 0.831 0.79 1.621 0.869 51 BLC ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB 0.826 0.793 1.619 0.864 52 CK-MB BMP-1 KPCI CadherinE 0.808 0.814 1.622 0.869 53 C9 ERBB1 METAP1 CadherinE 0.845 0.781 1.626 0.884 54 CD30Ligand KPCI CadherinE ERBB1 0.822 0.8 1.622 0.875 55 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE IMB1 0.831 0.795 1.626 0.878 56 Cadherin-6 CadherinE HSP90a ERBB1 0.803 0.807 1.61 0.864 57 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CalpainI 0.808 0.829 1.636 0.88 58 Catalase HSP90b ERBB1 CadherinE 0.826 0.788 1.614 0.87 59 CathepsinH CSK ERBB1 CadherinE 0.822 0.795 1.617 0.878 60 FGF-17 CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90a 0.831 0.798 1.629 0.878 61 MMP-7 ERBB1 HMG-1 CadherinE 0.803 0.81 1.612 0.874 62 IGFBP-2 MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI 0.869 0.779 1.647 0.874 63 IL-17B SCFsR KPCI CadherinE 0.826 0.802 1.629 0.868 64 LGMN METAP1 ERBB1 CadherinE 0.831 0.774 1.605 0.865 65 LRIG3 CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b 0.822 0.81 1.631 0.877 66 MEK1 MMP-7 CadherinE GAPDH, liver 0.826 0.788 1.614 0.874 67 MK13 KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE 0.822 0.802 1.624 0.869 68 NACA CSK C9 CadherinE 0.831 0.788 1.619 0.857 69 CK-MB MMP-7 CadherinE NAGK 0.798 0.819 1.617 0.873 70 Proteinase-3 CK-MB ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.793 0.814 1.608 0.866 71 Prothrombin CadherinE ERBB1 IMB1 0.831 0.786 1.617 0.866 72 VEGF KPCI CadherinE SCFsR 0.826 0.8 1.626 0.868 73 YES RGM-C HSP90a ERBB1 0.836 0.807 1.643 0.887 74 b-ECGF CK-MB METAP1 ERBB1 0.822 0.798 1.619 0.875 75 ApoA-I RGM-C HSP90a IGFBP-2 0.84 0.776 1.617 0.862 76 BLC ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C 0.831 0.786 1.617 0.866 77 METAP1 HSP90b BMP-1 CadherinE 0.817 0.802 1.619 0.862 78 CD30Ligand METAP1 ERBB1 YES 0.836 0.786 1.621 0.857 79 CNDP1 IMB1 CadherinE IGFBP-2 0.831 0.793 1.624 0.872 80 Cadherin-6 C9 CadherinE ERBB1 0.784 0.817 1.601 0.855 81 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI 0.817 0.817 1.634 0.894 82 Catalase CadherinE ERBB1 IMB1 0.84 0.774 1.614 0.866 83 CathepsinH ERBB1 HSP90b CadherinE 0.803 0.807 1.61 0.866 84 FGF-17 CadherinE ERBB1 CalpainI 0.817 0.807 1.624 0.881 85 HMG-1 MMR ERBB1 CadherinE 0.808 0.805 1.612 0.878 86 IL-17B CK-MB KPCI ERBB1 0.817 0.805 1.622 0.856 87 LGMN CadherinE ERBB1 C9 0.789 0.814 1.603 0.857 88 LRIG3 CadherinE HSP90a CK-MB 0.812 0.814 1.626 0.882 89 MEK1 METAP1 ERBB1 CadherinE 0.822 0.788 1.61 0.875 90 CadherinE MK13 KPCI CK-MB 0.798 0.824 1.622 0.862 91 NACA CadherinE HSP90a ERBB1 0.826 0.79 1.617 0.868 92 MMP-7 NAGK CadherinE KPCI 0.817 0.8 1.617 0.862 93 Proteinase-3 KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB 0.798 0.807 1.605 0.855 94 RGM-C Prothrombin HSP90a CK-MB 0.836 0.781 1.617 0.875 95 VEGF METAP1 CadherinE ERBB1 0.845 0.779 1.624 0.88 96 b-ECGF KPCI CadherinE C9 0.812 0.805 1.617 0.851 97 ApoA-I BMP-1 KPCI CadherinE 0.817 0.795 1.612 0.857 98 BLC IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE 0.817 0.795 1.612 0.865 99 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CadherinE 0.817 0.802 1.619 0.879 100 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI 0.817 0.8 1.617 0.875 Marker Count Marker Count CadherinE 74 BLC 5 ERBB1 68 ApoA-I 5 CK-MB 30 b-ECGF 4 KPCI 29 YES 4 METAP1 18 VEGF 4 HSP90b 11 Prothrombin 4 RGM-C 10 Proteinase-3 4 HSP90a 10 NAGK 4 MMP-7 9 NACA 4 C9 7 MK13 4 MMR 6 MEK1 4 IMB1 6 LRIG3 4 IGFBP-2 6 LGMN 4 GAPDH, liver 6 IL-17B 4 SCFsR 5 HMG-1 4 CalpainI 5 FGF-17 4 CSK 5 CathepsinH 4 CNDP1 5 Catalase 4 CD30Ligand 5 Cadherin-6 4 BMP-1 5 CATC 2

TABLE 4 100 Panels of 5 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 ApoA-I ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.873 0.79 1.664 0.89 2 BLC CadherinE HSP90a ERBB1 RGM-C 0.822 0.831 1.653 0.877 3 CK-MB HSP90b ERBB1 CSK BMP-1 0.84 0.814 1.655 0.873 4 CSK CadherinE CK-MB C9 KPCI 0.85 0.805 1.655 0.877 5 RGM-C CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 CATC 0.854 0.786 1.64 0.877 6 CD30Ligand RGM-C ERBB1 CalpainI CadherinE 0.859 0.807 1.666 0.891 7 CSK IMB1 MMP-7 CadherinE CNDP1 0.878 0.793 1.671 0.879 8 Cadherin-6 KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE SCFsR 0.85 0.79 1.64 0.875 9 CadherinE IGFBP-2 GAPDH, liver Catalase CK-MB 0.864 0.802 1.666 0.886 10 CathepsinH ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB 0.864 0.795 1.659 0.892 11 CK-MB FGF-17 ERBB1 HSP90a YES 0.822 0.831 1.653 0.884 12 HMG-1 CK-MB CadherinE ERBB1 YES 0.836 0.829 1.664 0.893 13 CadherinE SCFsR GAPDH, liver CK-MB IL-17B 0.836 0.829 1.664 0.885 14 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90a LGMN 0.836 0.814 1.65 0.879 15 CSK HSP90b CadherinE LRIG3 CK-MB 0.859 0.817 1.676 0.88 16 MEK1 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE HSP90b 0.84 0.829 1.669 0.887 17 YES CK-MB HSP90a MK13 ERBB1 0.831 0.829 1.66 0.878 18 MMR METAP1 CadherinE RGM-C ERBB1 0.873 0.795 1.668 0.901 19 NACA CadherinE CK-MB HSP90a ERBB1 0.85 0.807 1.657 0.879 20 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE RGM-C NAGK 0.836 0.829 1.664 0.896 21 Proteinase-3 SCFsR KPCI CK-MB CadherinE 0.836 0.821 1.657 0.878 22 Prothrombin CadherinE CK-MB CalpainI ERBB1 0.854 0.812 1.666 0.895 23 VEGF HSP90b ERBB1 CadherinE RGM-C 0.854 0.817 1.671 0.886 24 b-ECGF CK-MB CadherinE GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 0.836 0.819 1.655 0.887 25 ApoA-I KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE MMP-7 0.845 0.812 1.657 0.881 26 RGM-C BLC HSP90a ERBB1 YES 0.822 0.831 1.653 0.871 27 BMP-1 CadherinE IMB1 RGM-C ERBB1 0.854 0.8 1.654 0.881 28 CSK SCFsR CadherinE C9 KPCI 0.854 0.8 1.654 0.879 29 CATC METAP1 ERBB1 CK-MB YES 0.84 0.793 1.633 0.858 30 CD30Ligand HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C 0.84 0.821 1.662 0.884 31 CNDP1 LRIG3 KPCI SCFsR CadherinE 0.85 0.812 1.662 0.879 32 Cadherin-6 CK-MB CadherinE ERBB1 KPCI 0.822 0.817 1.638 0.878 33 Catalase METAP1 MMP-7 CadherinE CK-MB 0.878 0.776 1.654 0.886 34 CathepsinH ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 RGM-C 0.873 0.781 1.654 0.89 35 CK-MB FGF-17 ERBB1 HSP90b CadherinE 0.826 0.824 1.65 0.886 36 MMR KPCI CadherinE HMG-1 SCFsR 0.845 0.805 1.65 0.876 37 IL-17B GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CK-MB CadherinE 0.84 0.824 1.664 0.889 38 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE HSP90a LGMN 0.817 0.829 1.645 0.887 39 ERBB1 HSP90a CadherinE MEK1 RGM-C 0.845 0.814 1.659 0.885 40 CadherinE MK13 KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 0.826 0.831 1.657 0.883 41 NACA CadherinE ERBB1 CSK MMR 0.873 0.781 1.654 0.884 42 YES NAGK CadherinE ERBB1 CK-MB 0.84 0.821 1.662 0.895 43 Proteinase-3 KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE CNDP1 0.84 0.805 1.645 0.876 44 Prothrombin CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.859 0.8 1.659 0.889 45 VEGF CalpainI ERBB1 METAP1 CadherinE 0.878 0.786 1.664 0.88 46 b-ECGF CK-MB CadherinE GAPDH, liver MMP-7 0.854 0.8 1.654 0.883 47 CalpainI ERBB1 CadherinE ApoA-I RGM-C 0.854 0.8 1.654 0.895 48 BLC ERBB1 METAP1 YES CK-MB 0.836 0.814 1.65 0.867 49 CNDP1 BMP-1 IMB1 CadherinE ERBB1 0.845 0.807 1.652 0.879 50 SCFsR C9 METAP1 KPCI CadherinE 0.854 0.798 1.652 0.874 51 CK-MB SCFsR KPCI CadherinE CATC 0.85 0.781 1.631 0.865 52 CD30Ligand KPCI CK-MB CadherinE SCFsR 0.845 0.817 1.662 0.882 53 Cadherin-6 CadherinE HSP90a ERBB1 RGM-C 0.826 0.807 1.633 0.874 54 Catalase HSP90b ERBB1 CadherinE CK-MB 0.85 0.802 1.652 0.883 55 CathepsinH CSK ERBB1 CadherinE CK-MB 0.836 0.817 1.652 0.894 56 CK-MB CNDP1 METAP1 ERBB1 FGF-17 0.85 0.8 1.65 0.873 57 CK-MB MMP-7 CadherinE HMG-1 ERBB1 0.808 0.84 1.648 0.886 58 IGFBP-2 ERBB1 CalpainI RGM-C CadherinE 0.845 0.826 1.671 0.901 59 IL-17B CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C 0.84 0.824 1.664 0.881 60 LGMN HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C 0.831 0.81 1.641 0.876 61 LRIG3 CadherinE METAP1 HSP90b MMP-7 0.878 0.786 1.664 0.874 62 MEK1 CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.831 0.821 1.652 0.893 63 MK13 SCFsR KPCI CadherinE MMR 0.854 0.802 1.657 0.883 64 NACA CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE 0.85 0.8 1.65 0.885 65 CalpainI ERBB1 CadherinE NAGK RGM-C 0.854 0.798 1.652 0.891 66 Proteinase-3 SCFsR CadherinE KPCI CNDP1 0.836 0.807 1.643 0.877 67 CK-MB MMP-7 CadherinE Prothrombin METAP1 0.883 0.776 1.659 0.887 68 RGM-C CadherinE CalpainI VEGF ERBB1 0.869 0.793 1.661 0.897 69 SCFsR MMP-7 METAP1 b-ECGF CadherinE 0.883 0.769 1.652 0.885 70 RGM-C CadherinE MMR GAPDH, liver ApoA-I 0.85 0.802 1.652 0.887 71 BLC SCFsR KPCI CadherinE MMP-7 0.85 0.798 1.647 0.875 72 BMP-1 CSK CadherinE HSP90b RGM-C 0.85 0.802 1.652 0.873 73 BMP-1 CadherinE KPCI C9 METAP1 0.859 0.793 1.652 0.863 74 CATC CadherinE HSP90a ERBB1 RGM-C 0.831 0.793 1.624 0.866 75 CD30Ligand KPCI CK-MB CadherinE ERBB1 0.84 0.817 1.657 0.887 76 Cadherin-6 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI 0.836 0.798 1.633 0.876 77 CK-MB Catalase KPCI CadherinE IGFBP-2 0.854 0.798 1.652 0.879 78 CathepsinH IMB1 CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C 0.859 0.79 1.65 0.882 79 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE NAGK FGF-17 0.826 0.821 1.648 0.888 80 HMG-1 HSP90a ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.836 0.812 1.648 0.886 81 YES CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 IL-17B 0.845 0.814 1.659 0.871 82 LGMN CadherinE ERBB1 C9 CSK 0.84 0.8 1.64 0.875 83 LRIG3 KPCI CadherinE SCFsR CK-MB 0.85 0.812 1.662 0.879 84 YES CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 MEK1 0.831 0.817 1.648 0.873 85 MK13 HSP90b MMP-7 CadherinE METAP1 0.859 0.793 1.652 0.871 86 NACA CSK MMP-7 CadherinE ERBB1 0.873 0.776 1.649 0.883 87 Proteinase-3 KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB CadherinE 0.822 0.819 1.641 0.883 88 Prothrombin CadherinE ERBB1 KPCI YES 0.845 0.807 1.652 0.872 89 VEGF CadherinE HSP90a RGM-C ERBB1 0.84 0.817 1.657 0.89 90 b-ECGF CalpainI ERBB1 CK-MB CadherinE 0.822 0.829 1.65 0.894 91 ApoA-I ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C CalpainI 0.85 0.8 1.65 0.865 92 BLC CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C 0.836 0.81 1.645 0.884 93 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90a CATC 0.831 0.793 1.624 0.866 94 CD30Ligand CSK ERBB1 CK-MB YES 0.817 0.836 1.653 0.876 95 Cadherin-6 HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C 0.826 0.8 1.626 0.877 96 MMR KPCI CadherinE Catalase SCFsR 0.859 0.788 1.647 0.871 97 LRIG3 CadherinE METAP1 HSP90b CathepsinH 0.854 0.79 1.645 0.866 98 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver FGF-17 0.826 0.821 1.648 0.888 99 HMG-1 KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE MMR 0.845 0.802 1.647 0.882 100 CK-MB IGFBP-2 CSK ERBB1 CadherinE 0.826 0.833 1.66 0.906 Marker Count Marker Count CadherinE 89 CathepsinH 5 ERBB1 71 Catalase 5 CK-MB 43 Cadherin-6 5 RGM-C 34 CD30Ligand 5 KPCI 24 CATC 5 METAP1 19 C9 5 SCFsR 15 BMP-1 5 HSP90b 14 BLC 5 CalpainI 14 ApoA-I 5 HSP90a 13 b-ECGF 4 CSK 13 VEGF 4 YES 11 Prothrombin 4 MMP-7 11 Proteinase-3 4 MMR 7 NAGK 4 GAPDH, liver 7 NACA 4 CNDP1 6 MK13 4 LRIG3 5 MEK1 4 IGFBP-2 5 LGMN 4 HMG-1 5 IMB1 4 FGF-17 5 IL-17B 4

TABLE 5 100 Panels of 6 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Sens. + Spec. AUC 1 ApoA-I ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C CalpainI CadherinE 0.873 0.802 1.676 0.888 2 BLC CadherinE METAP1 ERBB1 CK-MB YES 0.869 0.805 1.673 0.889 3 RGM-C BMP-1 HSP90b CadherinE METAP1 MMR 0.869 0.802 1.671 0.881 4 RGM-C C9 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB 0.878 0.8 1.678 0.905 5 RGM-C CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 CATC CK-MB 0.864 0.79 1.654 0.889 6 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB SCFsR CD30Ligand 0.859 0.819 1.678 0.888 7 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 0.864 0.819 1.683 0.904 8 Cadherin-6 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI VEGF 0.845 0.814 1.659 0.88 9 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE Catalase 0.869 0.805 1.673 0.892 10 CathepsinH CadherinE HSP90a ERBB1 RGM-C IGFBP-2 0.836 0.836 1.671 0.889 11 RGM-C FGF-17 ERBB1 CalpainI CadherinE HSP90a 0.873 0.802 1.676 0.889 12 YES CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C GAPDH, liver CK-MB 0.859 0.829 1.688 0.9 13 HMG-1 CK-MB CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90a YES 0.864 0.821 1.685 0.897 14 METAP1 HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C IL-17B 0.878 0.81 1.687 0.882 15 MMR ERBB1 CadherinE IMB1 CalpainI RGM-C 0.873 0.805 1.678 0.894 16 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE HSP90a LGMN YES 0.859 0.821 1.681 0.891 17 CK-MB CNDP1 KPCI CadherinE SCFsR LRIG3 0.864 0.817 1.681 0.886 18 MEK1 CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE CD30Ligand 0.869 0.807 1.676 0.889 19 MK13 MMP-7 KPCI CadherinE SCFsR CK-MB 0.869 0.812 1.68 0.889 20 NACA CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB MMP-7 0.878 0.795 1.673 0.889 21 YES NAGK CadherinE ERBB1 CK-MB HSP90a 0.878 0.814 1.692 0.897 22 Proteinase-3 KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB CadherinE CNDP1 0.859 0.821 1.681 0.885 23 CK-MB CNDP1 KPCI CadherinE SCFsR Prothrombin 0.873 0.81 1.683 0.885 24 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C CK-MB 0.845 0.829 1.674 0.895 25 ApoA-I CSK ERBB1 CK-MB CadherinE RGM-C 0.85 0.824 1.674 0.907 26 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 CSK BLC CK-MB 0.84 0.826 1.667 0.895 27 BMP-1 CadherinE IMB1 CK-MB ERBB1 LRIG3 0.859 0.81 1.669 0.883 28 SCFsR C9 CadherinE GAPDH, liver KPCI MMP-7 0.869 0.807 1.676 0.884 29 RGM-C CadherinE CalpainI CK-MB ERBB1 CATC 0.864 0.79 1.654 0.889 30 RGM-C HSP90b ERBB1 SCFsR CadherinE Cadherin-6 0.859 0.8 1.659 0.885 31 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CK-MB Catalase 0.85 0.821 1.671 0.901 32 CathepsinH RGM-C METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE ERBB1 0.873 0.798 1.671 0.903 33 RGM-C FGF-17 ERBB1 CalpainI CadherinE IGFBP-2 0.845 0.826 1.671 0.893 34 HMG-1 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE MMP-7 CK-MB 0.85 0.833 1.683 0.896 35 IL-17B CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE CK-MB 0.864 0.817 1.681 0.898 36 LGMN HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C SCFsR 0.869 0.81 1.678 0.886 37 MEK1 GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CK-MB CadherinE YES 0.845 0.829 1.674 0.902 38 MK13 HSP90b ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE CK-MB 0.85 0.824 1.674 0.892 39 NACA CadherinE ERBB1 CSK RGM-C MMR 0.892 0.781 1.673 0.895 40 YES CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C NAGK METAP1 0.897 0.788 1.685 0.885 41 Proteinase-3 KPCI CK-MB CadherinE IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.864 0.807 1.671 0.888 42 Prothrombin CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE CK-MB 0.864 0.812 1.676 0.904 43 VEGF HSP90b ERBB1 CadherinE RGM-C YES 0.873 0.814 1.688 0.888 44 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C METAP1 0.873 0.8 1.673 0.884 45 LRIG3 KPCI CadherinE SCFsR ApoA-I CNDP1 0.869 0.805 1.673 0.88 46 CadherinE MK13 KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 BLC 0.845 0.819 1.664 0.879 47 BMP-1 CadherinE ERBB1 KPCI YES SCFsR 0.864 0.805 1.669 0.888 48 CSK CadherinE C9 ERBB1 CD30Ligand YES 0.859 0.812 1.671 0.883 49 RGM-C CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 CATC IGFBP-2 0.85 0.802 1.652 0.881 50 LRIG3 KPCI CadherinE SCFsR CK-MB Cadherin-6 0.85 0.807 1.657 0.874 51 Catalase CadherinE ERBB1 KPCI RGM-C CK-MB 0.85 0.819 1.669 0.89 52 CSK GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CadherinE YES CathepsinH 0.873 0.798 1.671 0.89 53 RGM-C FGF-17 ERBB1 CalpainI CadherinE CD30Ligand 0.859 0.812 1.671 0.884 54 HMG-1 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE MMR CalpainI 0.859 0.819 1.678 0.901 55 IL-17B CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C VEGF 0.883 0.795 1.678 0.884 56 CSK IMB1 MMP-7 CadherinE ERBB1 CK-MB 0.869 0.807 1.676 0.897 57 MMP-7 ERBB1 CadherinE LGMN CSK YES 0.864 0.81 1.673 0.884 58 CalpainI ERBB1 CadherinE NAGK RGM-C MEK1 0.854 0.819 1.674 0.892 59 CK-MB MMP-7 CadherinE NACA METAP1 RGM-C 0.887 0.783 1.671 0.884 60 Proteinase-3 CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C CalpainI MMP-7 0.859 0.81 1.669 0.893 61 Prothrombin CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b METAP1 YES 0.873 0.802 1.676 0.87 62 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C VEGF 0.873 0.8 1.673 0.886 63 ApoA-I HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C MEK1 0.845 0.826 1.671 0.89 64 BLC ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C CK-MB YES 0.859 0.805 1.664 0.881 65 RGM-C BMP-1 ERBB1 METAP1 CadherinE HSP90b 0.869 0.8 1.669 0.888 66 CK-MB MMP-7 CadherinE HMG-1 KPCI C9 0.854 0.814 1.669 0.88 67 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE RGM-C HSP90a CATC 0.84 0.81 1.65 0.882 68 Cadherin-6 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI MMR 0.836 0.814 1.65 0.885 69 CadherinE IGFBP-2 METAP1 ERBB1 CK-MB Catalase 0.873 0.795 1.668 0.901 70 CathepsinH ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 RGM-C NAGK 0.869 0.798 1.666 0.889 71 FGF-17 CadherinE KPCI ERBB1 SCFsR CK-MB 0.85 0.819 1.669 0.89 72 IL-17B CadherinE ERBB1 CalpainI VEGF METAP1 0.878 0.795 1.673 0.877 73 MMR ERBB1 CadherinE IMB1 RGM-C METAP1 0.883 0.793 1.675 0.894 74 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90a LGMN VEGF 0.85 0.814 1.664 0.881 75 RGM-C MK13 ERBB1 METAP1 CadherinE MMR 0.869 0.805 1.673 0.896 76 CNDP1 CadherinE CSK ERBB1 VEGF NACA 0.883 0.786 1.668 0.884 77 CadherinE HSP90b ERBB1 Proteinase-3 RGM-C SCFsR 0.85 0.817 1.666 0.889 78 Prothrombin CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C VEGF 0.859 0.812 1.671 0.886 79 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 CalpainI HSP90b CK-MB 0.845 0.826 1.671 0.887 80 ApoA-I MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR LRIG3 0.869 0.802 1.671 0.885 81 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 CSK BLC MMP-7 0.836 0.824 1.659 0.883 82 BMP-1 ERBB1 HSP90a RGM-C CadherinE CK-MB 0.822 0.845 1.667 0.896 83 HMG-1 KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE MMR C9 0.859 0.81 1.669 0.884 84 RGM-C HSP90b ERBB1 SCFsR CadherinE CATC 0.864 0.786 1.65 0.879 85 RGM-C CadherinE CalpainI CK-MB CD30Ligand ERBB1 0.869 0.81 1.678 0.903 86 Cadherin-6 CK-MB CadherinE ERBB1 KPCI CNDP1 0.84 0.81 1.65 0.881 87 CadherinE IGFBP-2 GAPDH, liver CK-MB MK13 Catalase 0.859 0.807 1.666 0.885 88 CathepsinH RGM-C METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE MMP-7 0.878 0.788 1.666 0.901 89 SCFsR ERBB1 CalpainI FGF-17 CadherinE RGM-C 0.864 0.805 1.669 0.895 90 IL-17B CadherinE ERBB1 NAGK CK-MB RGM-C 0.831 0.84 1.671 0.891 91 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE IMB1 RGM-C LRIG3 0.873 0.798 1.671 0.887 92 LGMN CadherinE ERBB1 C9 CSK IGFBP-2 0.854 0.81 1.664 0.88 93 MEK1 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 NAGK 0.878 0.795 1.673 0.885 94 NACA CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 MMR RGM-C 0.883 0.786 1.668 0.89 95 Proteinase-3 SCFsR CadherinE KPCI MMP-7 CK-MB 0.854 0.812 1.666 0.885 96 CK-MB MMP-7 CadherinE Prothrombin GAPDH, liver SCFsR 0.869 0.802 1.671 0.897 97 b-ECGF CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE HSP90b 0.854 0.817 1.671 0.885 98 ApoA-I RGM-C HSP90a ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI 0.869 0.802 1.671 0.897 99 BLC CadherinE METAP1 ERBB1 CK-MB RGM-C 0.854 0.805 1.659 0.898 100 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver BMP-1 0.845 0.821 1.666 0.894 Marker Count Marker Count CadherinE 99 C9 6 ERBB1 84 BMP-1 6 RGM-C 63 BLC 6 CK-MB 49 ApoA-I 6 METAP1 24 b-ECGF 5 CalpainI 22 Prothrombin 5 SCFsR 19 Proteinase-3 5 KPCI 19 NACA 5 HSP90b 16 MK13 5 YES 15 MEK1 5 MMP-7 14 LGMN 5 CSK 11 IMB1 5 MMR 9 IL-17B 5 HSP90a 9 HMG-1 5 VEGF 8 FGF-17 5 IGFBP-2 8 CathepsinH 5 GAPDH, liver 8 Catalase 5 CNDP1 7 Cadherin-6 5 NAGK 6 CD30Ligand 5 LRIG3 6 CATC 5

TABLE 6 100 Panels of 7 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 IGFBP-2 ERBB1 HSP90a RGM-C 0.859 0.833 1.692 0.903 CadherinE SCFsR ApoA-I 2 BLC CadherinE METAP1 ERBB1 0.878 0.798 1.676 0.901 CK-MB RGM-C MMP-7 3 HSP90b GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CadherinE 0.873 0.817 1.69 0.891 CK-MB LRIG3 BMP-1 4 CK-MB CadherinE KPCI C9 0.892 0.807 1.699 0.891 SCFsR CSK LRIG3 5 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI 0.869 0.802 1.671 0.88 HSP90b RGM-C CATC 6 CD30Ligand KPCI ERBB1 SCFsR 0.878 0.814 1.692 0.89 CadherinE CK-MB CalpainI 7 YES CNDP1 HSP90a ERBB1 0.883 0.817 1.699 0.902 RGM-C CadherinE SCFsR 8 MMP-7 ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI 0.85 0.831 1.681 0.895 CK-MB RGM-C Cadherin-6 9 Catalase CalpainI CadherinE ERBB1 0.873 0.817 1.69 0.903 RGM-C CK-MB CNDP1 10 MMR SCFsR CadherinE GAPDH, liver 0.906 0.786 1.692 0.898 RGM-C Prothrombin CathepsinH 11 SCFsR ERBB1 RGM-C HSP90a 0.887 0.805 1.692 0.896 CadherinE FGF-17 CalpainI 12 HMG-1 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE 0.859 0.843 1.702 0.899 CK-MB YES SCFsR 13 IL-17B CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 0.883 0.81 1.692 0.894 CK-MB HSP90b SCFsR 14 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE IMB1 0.887 0.807 1.694 0.9 CSK CNDP1 CK-MB 15 LGMN HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 0.873 0.807 1.68 0.886 RGM-C SCFsR VEGF 16 MEK1 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE 0.883 0.814 1.697 0.9 CK-MB METAP1 NAGK 17 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB 0.887 0.802 1.69 0.909 CadherinE RGM-C MK13 18 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.906 0.798 1.704 0.886 HSP90a CadherinE NACA 19 CK-MB CNDP1 KPCI CadherinE 0.864 0.824 1.688 0.887 SCFsR Proteinase-3 LRIG3 20 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 0.883 0.817 1.699 0.901 RGM-C CK-MB YES 21 YES CadherinE KPCI CK-MB 0.873 0.812 1.685 0.892 ERBB1 HSP90a ApoA-I 22 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.883 0.793 1.675 0.889 HSP90a CadherinE BLC 23 RGM-C KPCI SCFsR BMP-1 0.873 0.814 1.688 0.889 CadherinE CK-MB HSP90a 24 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB 0.878 0.817 1.695 0.89 HSP90a SCFsR C9 25 METAP1 HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 0.887 0.774 1.661 0.884 RGM-C SCFsR CATC 26 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CK-MB 0.864 0.826 1.69 0.905 CadherinE RGM-C YES 27 RGM-C HSP90b ERBB1 SCFsR 0.869 0.805 1.673 0.886 CadherinE Cadherin-6 CNDP1 28 Catalase CalpainI CadherinE ERBB1 0.869 0.817 1.685 0.888 RGM-C CK-MB KPCI 29 CathepsinH ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.883 0.805 1.687 0.904 YES RGM-C CK-MB 30 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver 0.873 0.817 1.69 0.902 FGF-17 MMP-7 METAP1 31 HMG-1 CK-MB CadherinE ERBB1 0.873 0.826 1.699 0.905 HSP90a RGM-C YES 32 HMG-1 CK-MB CadherinE ERBB1 0.859 0.836 1.695 0.905 HSP90a RGM-C IGFBP-2 33 METAP1 HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 0.892 0.8 1.692 0.892 RGM-C SCFsR IL-17B 34 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.901 0.793 1.694 0.9 IMB1 RGM-C MMP-7 35 RGM-C HSP90b ERBB1 SCFsR 0.854 0.821 1.676 0.886 CadherinE MEK1 LGMN 36 CK-MB MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI 0.873 0.814 1.688 0.894 SCFsR CSK MK13 37 NACA CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 0.897 0.805 1.701 0.891 CK-MB MMR LRIG3 38 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI 0.892 0.81 1.702 0.902 RGM-C NAGK CK-MB 39 Proteinase-3 GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CadherinE 0.854 0.829 1.683 0.901 CK-MB YES SCFsR 40 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB 0.859 0.829 1.688 0.887 SCFsR CD30Ligand Prothrombin 41 VEGF RGM-C ERBB1 METAP1 0.892 0.802 1.694 0.905 CK-MB CadherinE YES 42 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b 0.892 0.8 1.692 0.895 RGM-C SCFsR METAP1 43 METAP1 GAPDH, liver MMP-7 CadherinE 0.892 0.793 1.685 0.894 ERBB1 ApoA-I YES 44 CalpainI HSP90a CK-MB RGM-C 0.85 0.824 1.674 0.892 ERBB1 CadherinE BLC 45 VEGF RGM-C ERBB1 METAP1 0.887 0.798 1.685 0.895 CadherinE CalpainI BMP-1 46 CK-MB CadherinE KPCI C9 0.897 0.795 1.692 0.896 SCFsR CSK MMP-7 47 KPCI CalpainI CadherinE CK-MB 0.869 0.79 1.659 0.879 IGFBP-2 ERBB1 CATC 48 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 IMB1 0.873 0.8 1.673 0.888 CadherinE SCFsR Cadherin-6 49 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.897 0.788 1.685 0.903 RGM-C MMR Catalase 50 CathepsinH ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.892 0.795 1.687 0.889 YES RGM-C GAPDH, liver 51 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE NAGK 0.854 0.833 1.688 0.896 FGF-17 RGM-C SCFsR 52 CalpainI ERBB1 CadherinE NAGK 0.869 0.819 1.688 0.898 CK-MB IL-17B RGM-C 53 VEGF CalpainI CadherinE CK-MB 0.859 0.817 1.676 0.893 ERBB1 RGM-C LGMN 54 MEK1 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE 0.864 0.824 1.688 0.902 METAP1 YES CK-MB 55 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.887 0.8 1.687 0.901 RGM-C MMR MK13 56 CK-MB MMP-7 CadherinE NACA 0.901 0.795 1.697 0.897 METAP1 RGM-C ERBB1 57 MMP-7 ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI 0.859 0.824 1.683 0.894 CK-MB Proteinase-3 YES 58 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB 0.901 0.786 1.687 0.9 CadherinE YES Prothrombin 59 b-ECGF CK-MB NAGK CadherinE 0.869 0.821 1.69 0.893 CalpainI ERBB1 CD30Ligand 60 CadherinE IGFBP-2 HSP90a CK-MB 0.84 0.843 1.683 0.907 ERBB1 RGM-C ApoA-I 61 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI 0.859 0.814 1.673 0.891 RGM-C CK-MB BLC 62 METAP1 IMB1 ERBB1 CadherinE 0.901 0.783 1.685 0.886 YES BMP-1 RGM-C 63 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB C9 0.883 0.807 1.69 0.907 ERBB1 IGFBP-2 SCFsR 64 YES CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C 0.878 0.781 1.659 0.876 NAGK METAP1 CATC 65 CadherinE IGFBP-2 HSP90a CK-MB 0.845 0.826 1.671 0.891 ERBB1 RGM-C Cadherin-6 66 Catalase HSP90b ERBB1 CadherinE 0.878 0.802 1.68 0.893 CK-MB YES LRIG3 67 CathepsinH CSK ERBB1 RGM-C 0.873 0.812 1.685 0.9 CadherinE SCFsR IGFBP-2 68 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.878 0.81 1.687 0.893 FGF-17 CadherinE HSP90b 69 CadherinE HSP90b ERBB1 HMG-1 0.878 0.821 1.699 0.897 RGM-C SCFsR CK-MB 70 IL-17B CK-MB KPCI CadherinE 0.883 0.805 1.687 0.888 ERBB1 SCFsR NAGK 71 MMP-7 ERBB1 CadherinE LGMN 0.859 0.817 1.676 0.894 CSK YES CK-MB 72 MEK1 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE 0.864 0.821 1.685 0.902 CK-MB CalpainI CSK 73 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB 0.873 0.812 1.685 0.887 HSP90a IGFBP-2 MK13 74 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 0.897 0.793 1.69 0.89 CadherinE NACA CK-MB 75 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI 0.859 0.824 1.683 0.892 RGM-C MEK1 Proteinase-3 76 Prothrombin CadherinE ERBB1 CalpainI 0.854 0.831 1.685 0.883 YES CK-MB KPCI 77 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90a 0.873 0.817 1.69 0.901 CalpainI CK-MB RGM-C 78 METAP1 HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 0.878 0.805 1.683 0.884 RGM-C ApoA-I YES 79 BLC CadherinE METAP1 ERBB1 0.869 0.805 1.673 0.899 CK-MB RGM-C SCFsR 80 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 CSK 0.85 0.833 1.683 0.894 BMP-1 CK-MB LRIG3 81 CK-MB IGFBP-2 CSK CadherinE 0.887 0.8 1.687 0.896 KPCI SCFsR C9 82 GAPDH, liver CalpainI ERBB1 CadherinE 0.859 0.795 1.654 0.89 CK-MB IGFBP-2 CATC 83 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.883 0.807 1.69 0.894 CD30Ligand RGM-C HSP90b 84 b-ECGF CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C 0.845 0.824 1.669 0.892 CadherinE CK-MB Cadherin-6 85 Catalase CadherinE ERBB1 KPCI 0.883 0.798 1.68 0.891 YES SCFsR CNDP1 86 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB 0.883 0.802 1.685 0.887 HSP90a SCFsR CathepsinH 87 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.883 0.805 1.687 0.898 FGF-17 CadherinE NAGK 88 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB 0.869 0.819 1.688 0.893 SCFsR ERBB1 HMG-1 89 IL-17B GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CK-MB 0.854 0.831 1.685 0.898 CadherinE RGM-C YES 90 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 IMB1 0.878 0.814 1.692 0.898 CadherinE SCFsR CNDP1 91 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI 0.873 0.802 1.676 0.885 SCFsR YES LGMN 92 CadherinE MK13 KPCI CK-MB 0.883 0.8 1.683 0.897 MMR ERBB1 CSK 93 NACA CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 0.915 0.774 1.689 0.896 MMR RGM-C SCFsR 94 CD30Ligand KPCI ERBB1 SCFsR 0.864 0.817 1.681 0.889 CadherinE CK-MB Proteinase-3 95 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB HSP90b 0.869 0.817 1.685 0.884 ERBB1 YES Prothrombin 96 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK 0.864 0.829 1.692 0.906 VEGF CK-MB RGM-C 97 METAP1 HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 0.878 0.805 1.683 0.895 RGM-C ApoA-I IGFBP-2 98 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.869 0.805 1.673 0.899 CK-MB CadherinE BLC 99 LRIG3 CadherinE METAP1 HSP90b 0.873 0.81 1.683 0.892 CK-MB BMP-1 SCFsR 100 SCFsR MMP-7 METAP1 b-ECGF 0.892 0.795 1.687 0.901 CadherinE C9 CK-MB Marker Count Marker Count CadherinE 100 CD30Ligand 6 ERBB1 87 C9 6 CK-MB 71 BMP-1 6 RGM-C 68 BLC 6 SCFsR 50 ApoA-I 6 METAP1 38 VEGF 5 YES 26 Prothrombin 5 KPCI 21 Proteinase-3 5 CalpainI 21 NACA 5 HSP90b 17 MK13 5 HSP90a 16 MEK1 5 MMP-7 12 LGMN 5 IGFBP-2 11 IMB1 5 CSK 11 IL-17B 5 GAPDH, liver 9 HMG-1 5 NAGK 8 FGF-17 5 MMR 8 CathepsinH 5 CNDP1 8 Catalase 5 LRIG3 7 Cadherin-6 5 b-ECGF 6 CATC 5

TABLE 7 100 Panels of 8 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 CadherinE IGFBP-2 HSP90a CK-MB 0.892 0.819 1.711 0.914 ERBB1 RGM-C ApoA-I CSK 2 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.883 0.812 1.695 0.897 HSP90a CadherinE BLC CK-MB 3 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.892 0.81 1.702 0.909 YES CadherinE CK-MB BMP-1 4 SCFsR MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI 0.906 0.802 1.708 0.897 METAP1 RGM-C CK-MB C9 5 CK-MB IGFBP-2 CSK CadherinE 0.869 0.812 1.68 0.892 RGM-C ERBB1 YES CATC 6 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.909 YES CadherinE CD30Ligand CK-MB 7 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a YES 0.911 0.798 1.708 0.899 CadherinE IMB1 RGM-C CNDP1 8 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b 0.878 0.802 1.68 0.885 RGM-C SCFsR HSP90a Cadherin-6 9 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB 0.901 0.812 1.713 0.893 HSP90a ERBB1 CalpainI SCFsR 10 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE 0.897 0.8 1.697 0.891 METAP1 SCFsR CNDP1 Catalase 11 CathepsinH CSK ERBB1 RGM-C 0.906 0.8 1.706 0.898 CadherinE SCFsR KPCI CK-MB 12 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB HSP90b 0.892 0.817 1.709 0.889 ERBB1 YES FGF-17 b-ECGF 13 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver 0.901 0.821 1.723 0.916 ERBB1 MMR YES RGM-C 14 CadherinE IGFBP-2 HSP90a CK-MB 0.873 0.831 1.704 0.907 ERBB1 RGM-C ApoA-I HMG-1 15 IL-17B CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 0.901 0.805 1.706 0.903 CK-MB RGM-C YES SCFsR 16 RGM-C HSP90b ERBB1 SCFsR 0.864 0.821 1.685 0.895 CadherinE CK-MB LRIG3 LGMN 17 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI 0.878 0.829 1.707 0.902 RGM-C NAGK CK-MB MEK1 18 IGFBP-2 MMP-7 CadherinE METAP1 0.897 0.81 1.706 0.908 SCFsR RGM-C MK13 CK-MB 19 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES CSK 0.93 0.779 1.708 0.899 CadherinE RGM-C NACA SCFsR 20 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.873 0.829 1.702 0.906 SCFsR CK-MB Proteinase-3 YES 21 CadherinE SCFsR GAPDH, liver MEK1 0.901 0.802 1.704 0.901 CK-MB RGM-C CathepsinH Prothrombin 22 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.906 0.812 1.718 0.908 YES CadherinE CK-MB VEGF 23 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.892 0.802 1.694 0.893 FGF-17 CadherinE NAGK BLC 24 RGM-C BMP-1 ERBB1 METAP1 0.883 0.817 1.699 0.888 CadherinE HSP90b SCFsR IMB1 25 CSK IGFBP-2 CadherinE ERBB1 0.878 0.829 1.707 0.903 C9 NAGK CK-MB YES 26 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C 0.873 0.805 1.678 0.893 CadherinE MK13 ERBB1 CATC 27 CD30Ligand RGM-C ERBB1 KPCI 0.897 0.814 1.711 0.897 CadherinE CK-MB SCFsR CalpainI 28 CD30Ligand RGM-C ERBB1 KPCI 0.869 0.81 1.678 0.89 CadherinE CK-MB SCFsR Cadherin-6 29 MEK1 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE 0.883 0.81 1.692 0.899 METAP1 YES CK-MB Catalase 30 b-ECGF CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C 0.883 0.821 1.704 0.902 CadherinE HMG-1 CK-MB SCFsR 31 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 IMB1 0.887 0.817 1.704 0.898 CadherinE SCFsR CNDP1 IL-17B 32 HSP90b KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE 0.869 0.814 1.683 0.885 RGM-C SCFsR MMR LGMN 33 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI 0.892 0.814 1.706 0.905 RGM-C HSP90a CK-MB LRIG3 34 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.915 0.788 1.704 0.897 YES CadherinE MMP-7 NACA 35 CadherinE GAPDH, liver HSP90a SCFsR 0.878 0.819 1.697 0.901 ERBB1 RGM-C IGFBP-2 Proteinase-3 36 SCFsR MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI 0.906 0.798 1.704 0.894 Prothrombin RGM-C CK-MB HSP90a 37 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE NAGK 0.887 0.819 1.706 0.907 CSK YES RGM-C VEGF 38 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB 0.892 0.814 1.706 0.919 RGM-C ERBB1 GAPDH, liver ApoA-I 39 BLC CadherinE METAP1 ERBB1 0.897 0.798 1.694 0.903 CK-MB RGM-C MMP-7 GAPDH, liver 40 YES CadherinE MMP-7 HMG-1 0.873 0.824 1.697 0.893 ERBB1 CK-MB KPCI BMP-1 41 YES C9 ERBB1 CSK 0.873 0.831 1.704 0.901 CK-MB CadherinE NAGK FGF-17 42 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.887 0.79 1.678 0.888 FGF-17 CadherinE NAGK CATC 43 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI 0.869 0.81 1.678 0.891 SCFsR RGM-C CK-MB Cadherin-6 44 YES HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 0.887 0.805 1.692 0.897 CSK RGM-C CK-MB Catalase 45 CathepsinH RGM-C METAP1 CK-MB 0.901 0.8 1.701 0.907 CadherinE ERBB1 SCFsR YES 46 METAP1 HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 0.892 0.81 1.702 0.9 RGM-C IL-17B CK-MB SCFsR 47 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.887 0.795 1.683 0.892 RGM-C MMR HSP90b LGMN 48 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE 0.883 0.814 1.697 0.907 GAPDH, liver LRIG3 MMR CSK 49 YES CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.897 0.807 1.704 0.907 RGM-C CadherinE MK13 MMR 50 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI 0.901 0.8 1.701 0.885 RGM-C HSP90a b-ECGF NACA 51 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB HSP90b 0.892 0.802 1.694 0.897 ERBB1 RGM-C SCFsR Proteinase-3 52 YES NAGK CadherinE ERBB1 0.906 0.795 1.701 0.898 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 Prothrombin 53 VEGF METAP1 ERBB1 YES 0.906 0.798 1.704 0.902 CadherinE CK-MB NAGK RGM-C 54 CadherinE IGFBP-2 METAP1 ERBB1 0.906 0.793 1.699 0.911 RGM-C HSP90a CK-MB ApoA-I 55 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.873 0.819 1.692 0.904 SCFsR CK-MB CSK BLC 56 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE 0.892 0.805 1.697 0.895 METAP1 SCFsR CNDP1 BMP-1 57 CSK SCFsR CadherinE C9 0.901 0.802 1.704 0.904 ERBB1 IGFBP-2 CK-MB IMB1 58 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.897 0.781 1.678 0.895 YES CadherinE CK-MB CATC 59 CD30Ligand RGM-C ERBB1 KPCI 0.887 0.819 1.706 0.899 CadherinE CK-MB SCFsR YES 60 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB 0.864 0.81 1.673 0.891 CadherinE RGM-C MK13 Cadherin-6 61 CadherinE IGFBP-2 METAP1 ERBB1 0.892 0.8 1.692 0.894 CK-MB Catalase RGM-C KPCI 62 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE 0.897 0.802 1.699 0.892 SCFsR YES CNDP1 CathepsinH 63 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI 0.878 0.821 1.699 0.908 ERBB1 RGM-C CK-MB HMG-1 64 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.906 0.795 1.701 0.897 IMB1 RGM-C MMP-7 IL-17B 65 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE 0.85 0.831 1.681 0.893 GAPDH, liver VEGF BMP-1 LGMN 66 CadherinE IGFBP-2 KPCI MMR 0.887 0.81 1.697 0.894 SCFsR GAPDH, liver CK-MB LRIG3 67 METAP1 GAPDH, liver MMP-7 CadherinE 0.892 0.812 1.704 0.908 ERBB1 CK-MB RGM-C MEK1 68 NACA CadherinE ERBB1 CSK 0.92 0.781 1.701 0.899 RGM-C MMR YES SCFsR 69 Proteinase-3 SCFsR CadherinE KPCI 0.878 0.814 1.692 0.891 ERBB1 RGM-C CK-MB CathepsinH 70 RGM-C CadherinE CalpainI VEGF 0.883 0.817 1.699 0.903 ERBB1 CD30Ligand CK-MB Prothrombin 71 IGFBP-2 ERBB1 HSP90a RGM-C 0.892 0.805 1.697 0.908 CadherinE SCFsR ApoA-I CSK 72 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB C9 0.878 0.814 1.692 0.896 ERBB1 IGFBP-2 SCFsR BLC 73 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE 0.901 0.776 1.678 0.895 RGM-C CSK SCFsR CATC 74 RGM-C HSP90b ERBB1 SCFsR 0.869 0.805 1.673 0.895 CadherinE CK-MB LRIG3 Cadherin-6 75 CadherinE IGFBP-2 METAP1 ERBB1 0.892 0.8 1.692 0.9 CK-MB Catalase RGM-C HSP90b 76 RGM-C FGF-17 ERBB1 CalpainI 0.892 0.812 1.704 0.901 CadherinE CK-MB SCFsR NAGK 77 HMG-1 CalpainI ERBB1 CadherinE 0.873 0.824 1.697 0.908 CK-MB RGM-C MMP-7 SCFsR 78 IL-17B GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CK-MB 0.883 0.817 1.699 0.901 CadherinE RGM-C CalpainI SCFsR 79 YES CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C 0.869 0.812 1.68 0.897 LGMN HSP90a ApoA-I CK-MB 80 MEK1 RGM-C ERBB1 CadherinE 0.897 0.807 1.704 0.905 METAP1 YES CK-MB SCFsR 81 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C 0.883 0.819 1.702 0.909 CadherinE MK13 ERBB1 IGFBP-2 82 NACA CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 0.892 0.807 1.699 0.896 CK-MB MMR RGM-C Prothrombin 83 Proteinase-3 GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CadherinE 0.845 0.845 1.69 0.896 CK-MB YES MEK1 C9 84 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 0.906 0.807 1.713 0.902 RGM-C CK-MB HSP90b SCFsR 85 CadherinE IGFBP-2 METAP1 ERBB1 0.892 0.798 1.69 0.9 CK-MB Catalase RGM-C BLC 86 RGM-C KPCI SCFsR BMP-1 0.878 0.817 1.695 0.888 CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver HSP90a 87 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 0.906 0.769 1.675 0.88 CadherinE NACA CK-MB CATC 88 CD30Ligand KPCI ERBB1 SCFsR 0.901 0.805 1.706 0.897 CadherinE CK-MB CSK YES 89 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB 0.869 0.8 1.669 0.881 HSP90a SCFsR C9 Cadherin-6 90 CK-MB CNDP1 KPCI CadherinE 0.897 0.8 1.697 0.891 SCFsR CSK CathepsinH LRIG3 91 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.906 0.798 1.704 0.904 FGF-17 CadherinE NAGK SCFsR 92 MK13 CalpainI CadherinE ERBB1 0.873 0.824 1.697 0.904 MMR RGM-C HMG-1 CK-MB 93 CK-MB CNDP1 KPCI CadherinE 0.887 0.812 1.699 0.886 SCFsR Prothrombin IL-17B YES 94 IMB1 HSP90a ERBB1 CadherinE 0.887 0.817 1.704 0.888 RGM-C SCFsR KPCI CK-MB 95 YES C9 ERBB1 CSK 0.873 0.807 1.68 0.892 CK-MB CadherinE LGMN HSP90a 96 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI 0.869 0.821 1.69 0.902 ERBB1 RGM-C CK-MB Proteinase-3 97 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.873 0.826 1.699 0.905 SCFsR CK-MB CalpainI VEGF 98 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE 0.915 0.79 1.706 0.9 MMP-7 HSP90b b-ECGF RGM-C 99 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.901 0.795 1.697 0.909 YES CadherinE MMP-7 ApoA-I 100 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver 0.873 0.812 1.685 0.901 ERBB1 YES RGM-C BLC Marker Count Marker Count CadherinE 100 ApoA-I 7 ERBB1 88 b-ECGF 6 CK-MB 85 VEGF 6 RGM-C 81 Prothrombin 6 SCFsR 64 Proteinase-3 6 METAP1 41 NACA 6 YES 36 MK13 6 KPCI 22 MEK1 6 CSK 21 LRIG3 6 IGFBP-2 17 LGMN 6 HSP90a 17 IMB1 6 GAPDH, liver 17 IL-17B 6 MMP-7 16 HMG-1 6 MMR 14 FGF-17 6 CalpainI 14 CathepsinH 6 HSP90b 13 Catalase 6 NAGK 10 Cadherin-6 6 CNDP1 8 CD30Ligand 6 C9 8 CATC 6 BLC 7 BMP-1 6

TABLE 8 100 Panels of 9 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 CSK IMB1 ERBB1 CadherinE RGM-C 0.906 0.807 1.713 0.905 MMR YES CK-MB ApoA-I 2 METAP1 CalpainI ERBB1 CadherinE MMP-7 0.906 0.802 1.708 0.901 RGM-C CK-MB SCFsR BLC 3 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.883 0.831 1.714 0.914 YES BMP-1 RGM-C MMR 4 RGM-C C9 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.906 0.812 1.718 0.913 YES CK-MB MMP-7 SCFsR 5 CathepsinH RGM-C METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE 0.906 0.793 1.699 0.895 ERBB1 SCFsR YES CATC 6 YES CadherinE GAPDH, liver MMP-7 SCFsR 0.897 0.814 1.711 0.906 CK-MB RGM-C CSK CD30Ligand 7 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK VEGF 0.906 0.807 1.713 0.901 RGM-C CalpainI CNDP1 MMP-7 8 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE CK-MB 0.883 0.805 1.687 0.893 RGM-C SCFsR MMR Cadherin-6 9 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES 0.911 0.798 1.708 0.912 CadherinE CK-MB Catalase MMP-7 10 SCFsR MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI METAP1 0.911 0.817 1.727 0.897 CK-MB YES ERBB1 FGF-17 11 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.887 0.826 1.714 0.908 MMR YES RGM-C HMG-1 12 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a 0.915 0.814 1.73 0.898 CadherinE IGFBP-2 KPCI CK-MB 13 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB HSP90b ERBB1 0.906 0.812 1.718 0.897 YES SCFsR RGM-C HSP90a 14 IL-17B CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB 0.906 0.81 1.716 0.904 RGM-C GAPDH, liver MMP-7 YES 15 YES CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 CK-MB 0.878 0.817 1.695 0.895 RGM-C SCFsR CD30Ligand LGMN 16 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE MMP-7 0.915 0.8 1.715 0.901 HSP90b RGM-C LRIG3 b-ECGF 17 b-ECGF CK-MB NAGK CadherinE CalpainI 0.883 0.831 1.714 0.901 ERBB1 SCFsR RGM-C MEK1 18 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.892 0.824 1.716 0.912 MK13 ERBB1 SCFsR IGFBP-2 19 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE 0.915 0.8 1.715 0.902 NACA CK-MB SCFsR RGM-C 20 SCFsR MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI METAP1 0.906 0.805 1.711 0.895 CK-MB YES ERBB1 Proteinase-3 21 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.901 0.814 1.716 0.913 MMR YES RGM-C Prothrombin 22 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C 0.906 0.807 1.713 0.913 CSK SCFsR YES ApoA-I 23 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE ERBB1 0.892 0.81 1.702 0.901 IGFBP-2 RGM-C NAGK BLC 24 SCFsR MMP-7 METAP1 b-ECGF CadherinE 0.915 0.798 1.713 0.895 HSP90b RGM-C GAPDH, liver BMP-1 25 RGM-C C9 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.92 0.795 1.715 0.908 SCFsR CK-MB NAGK YES 26 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE NAGK CSK 0.887 0.807 1.694 0.896 YES RGM-C IGFBP-2 CATC 27 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a YES CadherinE 0.911 0.802 1.713 0.896 IMB1 RGM-C CNDP1 HMG-1 28 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C 0.897 0.79 1.687 0.892 CK-MB HSP90b SCFsR Cadherin-6 29 CathepsinH CSK ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.92 0.788 1.708 0.893 SCFsR KPCI Catalase YES 30 METAP1 GAPDH, liver MMP-7 CadherinE CK-MB 0.915 0.812 1.727 0.913 RGM-C FGF-17 ERBB1 SCFsR 31 IL-17B CK-MB KPCI CadherinE ERBB1 0.892 0.819 1.711 0.896 CalpainI SCFsR CNDP1 RGM-C 32 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR 0.897 0.798 1.694 0.901 RGM-C MMP-7 GAPDH, liver LGMN 33 RGM-C HSP90b ERBB1 SCFsR CadherinE 0.911 0.8 1.711 0.906 YES CK-MB CSK LRIG3 34 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR 0.887 0.826 1.714 0.909 CK-MB CSK MEK1 VEGF 35 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 RGM-C 0.892 0.817 1.709 0.911 MMR MK13 IGFBP-2 CK-MB 36 RGM-C NACA ERBB1 CadherinE HSP90a 0.915 0.8 1.715 0.895 METAP1 CK-MB YES SCFsR 37 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE 0.911 0.798 1.708 0.895 NACA CK-MB SCFsR Proteinase-3 38 CathepsinH CSK ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.901 0.812 1.713 0.898 SCFsR KPCI CK-MB Prothrombin 39 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C 0.897 0.812 1.709 0.901 ERBB1 KPCI ApoA-I YES 40 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 FGF-17 0.897 0.805 1.701 0.897 CadherinE NAGK BLC SCFsR 41 RGM-C BMP-1 ERBB1 METAP1 CadherinE 0.915 0.795 1.711 0.904 HSP90b SCFsR CK-MB YES 42 RGM-C C9 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.906 0.807 1.713 0.912 SCFsR CK-MB NAGK IGFBP-2 43 VEGF RGM-C ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB 0.911 0.781 1.692 0.895 CadherinE CalpainI SCFsR CATC 44 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES 0.897 0.814 1.711 0.905 CadherinE CK-MB b-ECGF CD30Ligand 45 IMB1 HSP90a ERBB1 CadherinE RGM-C 0.887 0.798 1.685 0.893 SCFsR IGFBP-2 CK-MB Cadherin-6 46 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE CK-MB 0.911 0.795 1.706 0.899 YES MMR RGM-C Catalase 47 RGM-C MMP-7 HSP90b METAP1 CadherinE 0.897 0.814 1.711 0.903 SCFsR ERBB1 HMG-1 CK-MB 48 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB 0.911 0.8 1.711 0.893 YES NACA IL-17B SCFsR 49 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI RGM-C 0.878 0.814 1.692 0.891 HSP90a b-ECGF IGFBP-2 LGMN 50 YES CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C CSK 0.892 0.817 1.709 0.912 CK-MB LRIG3 GAPDH, liver MMR 51 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE ERBB1 0.906 0.807 1.713 0.907 IGFBP-2 RGM-C CalpainI MEK1 52 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 IMB1 CadherinE 0.901 0.807 1.709 0.901 YES SCFsR MMR MK13 53 RGM-C FGF-17 ERBB1 CalpainI CadherinE 0.883 0.821 1.704 0.898 CK-MB SCFsR NAGK Proteinase-3 54 NACA CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB 0.906 0.805 1.711 0.9 MMR RGM-C Prothrombin IGFBP-2 55 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C ERBB1 0.901 0.807 1.709 0.912 CadherinE HSP90a ApoA-I SCFsR 56 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a 0.883 0.817 1.699 0.9 CadherinE BLC CK-MB MMP-7 57 RGM-C BMP-1 ERBB1 METAP1 CadherinE 0.911 0.798 1.708 0.894 HSP90b SCFsR GAPDH, liver YES 58 CSK CadherinE MMP-7 KPCI SCFsR 0.911 0.8 1.711 0.898 RGM-C CK-MB C9 GAPDH, liver 59 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C 0.911 0.781 1.692 0.893 CK-MB HSP90b SCFsR CATC 60 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE 0.901 0.81 1.711 0.907 YES RGM-C IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand 61 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 0.887 0.793 1.68 0.89 METAP1 MMR SCFsR Cadherin-6 62 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 0.915 0.79 1.706 0.896 SCFsR MMR RGM-C Catalase 63 CathepsinH CSK ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.911 0.8 1.711 0.899 YES SCFsR KPCI CNDP1 64 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 0.892 0.817 1.709 0.906 RGM-C CK-MB HMG-1 YES 65 SCFsR NAGK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C 0.901 0.807 1.709 0.89 ERBB1 IL-17B KPCI CalpainI 66 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR 0.892 0.8 1.692 0.894 CK-MB MMP-7 KPCI LGMN 67 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR 0.901 0.807 1.709 0.901 RGM-C CK-MB CSK LRIG3 68 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR 0.887 0.824 1.711 0.908 CK-MB MMP-7 GAPDH, liver MEK1 69 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 0.901 0.805 1.706 0.902 METAP1 MMR SCFsR MK13 70 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR 0.906 0.798 1.704 0.896 RGM-C MMP-7 KPCI Proteinase-3 71 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C SCFsR 0.92 0.79 1.711 0.903 CadherinE b-ECGF HSP90a Prothrombin 72 SCFsR MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI METAP1 0.92 0.793 1.713 0.896 RGM-C ERBB1 VEGF YES 73 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a 0.901 0.807 1.709 0.909 CadherinE VEGF CK-MB ApoA-I 74 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.873 0.824 1.697 0.898 MK13 ERBB1 IGFBP-2 BLC 75 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver 0.887 0.819 1.706 0.906 VEGF CSK MMP-7 BMP-1 76 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.892 0.817 1.709 0.913 NAGK SCFsR C9 ERBB1 77 CD30Ligand METAP1 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE 0.892 0.798 1.69 0.887 YES NAGK RGM-C CATC 78 RGM-C KPCI SCFsR BMP-1 CadherinE 0.873 0.805 1.678 0.889 CK-MB ERBB1 CSK Cadherin-6 79 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C 0.897 0.807 1.704 0.894 YES METAP1 CK-MB Catalase 80 CathepsinH RGM-C METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE 0.887 0.821 1.709 0.909 ERBB1 SCFsR YES MMP-7 81 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.912 CK-MB METAP1 SCFsR FGF-17 82 HSP90b KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE RGM-C 0.892 0.817 1.709 0.888 SCFsR MMR CSK HMG-1 83 SCFsR MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI METAP1 0.906 0.802 1.708 0.89 RGM-C ERBB1 IL-17B HSP90b 84 RGM-C CadherinE HSP90a CK-MB YES 0.911 0.8 1.711 0.896 ERBB1 SCFsR IMB1 METAP1 85 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 IMB1 CadherinE 0.883 0.805 1.687 0.895 SCFsR CNDP1 HSP90a LGMN 86 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 0.906 0.802 1.708 0.893 SCFsR MMR LRIG3 YES 87 METAP1 GAPDH, liver MMP-7 CadherinE ERBB1 0.897 0.812 1.709 0.912 CK-MB RGM-C MEK1 SCFsR 88 YES CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 0.887 0.814 1.702 0.897 CNDP1 Proteinase-3 SCFsR Catalase 89 Prothrombin CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 YES 0.906 0.802 1.708 0.896 MMP-7 CK-MB SCFsR KPCI 90 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES 0.92 0.788 1.708 0.906 CadherinE MMP-7 ApoA-I HSP90a 91 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver 0.887 0.81 1.697 0.904 MMP-7 RGM-C CSK BLC 92 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE IMB1 CSK 0.901 0.807 1.709 0.903 CNDP1 CK-MB YES C9 93 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE NAGK CSK 0.892 0.798 1.69 0.895 SCFsR RGM-C YES CATC 94 CD30Ligand KPCI ERBB1 SCFsR CadherinE 0.901 0.81 1.711 0.898 CK-MB CSK YES CNDP1 95 YES CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 0.892 0.786 1.678 0.885 METAP1 MMP-7 CNDP1 Cadherin-6 96 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES 0.901 0.807 1.709 0.909 CadherinE MMR CathepsinH CK-MB 97 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.906 0.814 1.72 0.91 NAGK SCFsR FGF-17 ERBB1 98 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI MMP-7 ERBB1 0.892 0.812 1.704 0.895 CK-MB NAGK SCFsR HMG-1 99 HSP90b GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CadherinE RGM-C 0.892 0.814 1.706 0.898 IL-17B SCFsR CK-MB YES 100 YES CadherinE KPCI CK-MB SCFsR 0.883 0.805 1.687 0.892 ERBB1 HSP90a CNDP1 LGMN Marker Count Marker Count CadherinE 100 VEGF 6 ERBB1 93 LGMN 6 RGM-C 86 IL-17B 6 CK-MB 86 HMG-1 6 SCFsR 82 FGF-17 6 YES 56 CathepsinH 6 METAP1 55 Catalase 6 MMP-7 36 Cadherin-6 6 CSK 30 CD30Ligand 6 KPCI 29 CATC 6 MMR 21 C9 6 GAPDH, liver 19 BMP-1 6 IGFBP-2 14 BLC 6 HSP90a 14 ApoA-I 6 NAGK 13 Prothrombin 5 HSP90b 13 Proteinase-3 5 CNDP1 12 NACA 5 CalpainI 11 MK13 5 b-ECGF 9 MEK1 5 IMB1 7 LRIG3 5

TABLE 9 100 Panels of 10 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C 0.915 0.819 1.735 0.912 CK-MB MMP-7 SCFsR ApoA-I YES 2 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE ERBB1 0.883 0.829 1.711 0.896 IGFBP-2 RGM-C CD30Ligand MK13 BLC 3 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C 0.915 0.807 1.723 0.904 YES METAP1 SCFsR CK-MB BMP-1 4 CD30Ligand METAP1 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.907 YES NAGK RGM-C SCFsR C9 5 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR 0.901 0.807 1.709 0.905 RGM-C MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CK-MB CATC 6 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 0.911 0.819 1.73 0.904 METAP1 MMR SCFsR MK13 CNDP1 7 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI RGM-C 0.873 0.819 1.692 0.894 HSP90a b-ECGF CK-MB C9 Cadherin-6 8 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE CK-MB 0.911 0.807 1.718 0.9 YES MMR RGM-C Catalase ApoA-I 9 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.897 0.824 1.721 0.907 MK13 ERBB1 SCFsR IGFBP-2 CathepsinH 10 METAP1 GAPDH, liver MMP-7 CadherinE ERBB1 0.934 0.812 1.746 0.912 YES CK-MB SCFsR FGF-17 RGM-C 11 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C 0.911 0.81 1.72 0.903 CK-MB HSP90b SCFsR MMR HMG-1 12 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB HSP90b ERBB1 0.92 0.807 1.727 0.901 YES SCFsR RGM-C IGFBP-2 IL-17B 13 CK-MB CNDP1 IMB1 CadherinE ERBB1 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.9 YES METAP1 SCFsR HSP90a RGM-C 14 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR 0.892 0.812 1.704 0.892 RGM-C CK-MB CalpainI LRIG3 LGMN 15 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.906 0.821 1.728 0.912 MMR YES RGM-C MEK1 SCFsR 16 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.895 CadherinE b-ECGF NACA CK-MB YES 17 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE 0.901 0.812 1.713 0.901 CNDP1 YES SCFsR KPCI Proteinase-3 18 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C SCFsR 0.92 0.807 1.727 0.911 CadherinE b-ECGF YES Prothrombin ERBB1 19 VEGF METAP1 ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.925 0.793 1.718 0.896 CK-MB NACA HSP90a SCFsR RGM-C 20 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR 0.897 0.814 1.711 0.901 CK-MB CSK MEK1 YES BLC 21 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE 0.906 0.812 1.718 0.912 YES RGM-C GAPDH, liver BMP-1 IGFBP-2 22 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.901 0.8 1.701 0.902 YES BMP-1 SCFsR RGM-C CATC 23 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 0.897 0.793 1.69 0.891 METAP1 MMR SCFsR MK13 Cadherin-6 24 RGM-C C9 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.901 0.814 1.716 0.911 SCFsR CK-MB NAGK IGFBP-2 Catalase 25 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB HSP90b ERBB1 0.915 0.8 1.715 0.898 YES SCFsR RGM-C HSP90a CathepsinH 26 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR 0.906 0.824 1.73 0.914 CK-MB CSK MMR FGF-17 YES 27 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES 0.901 0.814 1.716 0.9 CadherinE CK-MB BMP-1 HMG-1 HSP90b 28 SCFsR NAGK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.897 ERBB1 IL-17B METAP1 MMP-7 KPCI 29 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE ERBB1 0.93 0.793 1.722 0.9 IGFBP-2 YES RGM-C IMB1 IL-17B 30 CSK CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE 0.887 0.812 1.699 0.9 MMP-7 CK-MB BMP-1 YES LGMN 31 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE 0.911 0.807 1.718 0.91 YES LRIG3 RGM-C IGFBP-2 GAPDH, liver 32 SCFsR MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI METAP1 0.911 0.8 1.711 0.9 RGM-C ERBB1 Proteinase-3 CK-MB YES 33 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB HSP90a 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.896 IGFBP-2 SCFsR ERBB1 Prothrombin METAP1 34 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C 0.901 0.814 1.716 0.906 CSK VEGF YES CNDP1 BMP-1 35 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a 0.915 0.802 1.718 0.912 CadherinE CK-MB ApoA-I YES MMP-7 36 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR 0.906 0.805 1.711 0.897 CK-MB MMP-7 KPCI RGM-C BLC 37 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE 0.901 0.8 1.701 0.903 CNDP1 YES SCFsR GAPDH, liver CATC 38 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.902 CNDP1 YES SCFsR KPCI CD30Ligand 39 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.878 0.81 1.687 0.898 YES MMP-7 C9 RGM-C Cadherin-6 40 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR 0.915 0.8 1.715 0.901 CK-MB MMP-7 KPCI CNDP1 Catalase 41 RGM-C KPCI SCFsR ERBB1 Catalase 0.911 0.802 1.713 0.9 CK-MB CadherinE METAP1 IGFBP-2 CathepsinH 42 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE 0.925 0.805 1.73 0.91 YES RGM-C GAPDH, liver FGF-17 SCFsR 43 SCFsR MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI METAP1 0.906 0.81 1.716 0.899 CK-MB YES ERBB1 HMG-1 RGM-C 44 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 0.93 0.788 1.718 0.902 RGM-C MMP-7 CK-MB IL-17B YES 45 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR 0.897 0.802 1.699 0.891 RGM-C MMP-7 GAPDH, liver KPCI LGMN 46 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES 0.915 0.802 1.718 0.907 CadherinE MMP-7 CK-MB LRIG3 HSP90b 47 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR 0.906 0.819 1.725 0.914 CK-MB CSK MEK1 YES MMP-7 48 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE 0.915 0.802 1.718 0.902 CNDP1 YES SCFsR HSP90a NACA 49 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR 0.887 0.821 1.709 0.908 CNDP1 CK-MB Prothrombin YES Proteinase-3 50 VEGF RGM-C ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB 0.92 0.795 1.715 0.915 CadherinE MMR GAPDH, liver SCFsR C9 51 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C SCFsR 0.925 0.793 1.718 0.906 CadherinE b-ECGF HSP90a ApoA-I Prothrombin 52 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a 0.915 0.795 1.711 0.892 CadherinE IGFBP-2 KPCI CK-MB BLC 53 METAP1 GAPDH, liver MMP-7 CadherinE ERBB1 0.911 0.79 1.701 0.905 YES CK-MB SCFsR RGM-C CATC 54 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES 0.925 0.795 1.72 0.901 CadherinE CD30Ligand CK-MB MMR KPCI 55 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE IMB1 CSK 0.883 0.805 1.687 0.895 CNDP1 CK-MB b-ECGF RGM-C Cadherin-6 56 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.896 CadherinE CalpainI CK-MB b-ECGF NAGK 57 METAP1 HSP90a CadherinE ERBB1 CK-MB 0.911 0.802 1.713 0.902 SCFsR YES NAGK RGM-C CathepsinH 58 FGF-17 CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b SCFsR 0.906 0.817 1.723 0.904 RGM-C METAP1 CK-MB IGFBP-2 YES 59 YES CadherinE MMP-7 HMG-1 ERBB1 0.892 0.821 1.713 0.907 CK-MB RGM-C SCFsR Prothrombin HSP90b 60 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR 0.906 0.793 1.699 0.895 RGM-C CSK MMP-7 YES LGMN 61 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver 0.901 0.814 1.716 0.912 LRIG3 MMR CSK IGFBP-2 RGM-C 62 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB HSP90b ERBB1 0.906 0.812 1.718 0.904 YES SCFsR RGM-C IGFBP-2 MEK1 63 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE 0.915 0.802 1.718 0.9 NACA CK-MB SCFsR CNDP1 FGF-17 64 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C 0.901 0.807 1.709 0.907 CK-MB METAP1 SCFsR FGF-17 Proteinase-3 65 METAP1 HSP90a CadherinE ERBB1 CK-MB 0.92 0.795 1.715 0.903 SCFsR YES NAGK RGM-C VEGF 66 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver 0.901 0.814 1.716 0.916 MMP-7 RGM-C CSK ApoA-I SCFsR 67 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR 0.878 0.831 1.709 0.906 CK-MB CSK MMR IGFBP-2 BLC 68 SCFsR MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI METAP1 0.906 0.79 1.697 0.894 CK-MB YES ERBB1 RGM-C CATC 69 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES 0.925 0.795 1.72 0.911 CadherinE CD30Ligand CK-MB MMR GAPDH, liver 70 LRIG3 CadherinE ERBB1 CalpainI RGM-C 0.878 0.807 1.685 0.893 CK-MB SCFsR YES CD30Ligand Cadherin-6 71 RGM-C KPCI SCFsR ERBB1 Catalase 0.906 0.807 1.713 0.903 CK-MB CadherinE METAP1 IGFBP-2 CNDP1 72 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.901 0.81 1.711 0.912 MMR YES RGM-C CathepsinH SCFsR 73 SCFsR MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI METAP1 0.901 0.812 1.713 0.897 RGM-C ERBB1 IL-17B CK-MB HMG-1 74 CadherinE MK13 MMR IMB1 ERBB1 0.906 0.81 1.716 0.908 RGM-C SCFsR METAP1 CNDP1 CK-MB 75 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR 0.883 0.814 1.697 0.907 RGM-C MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CK-MB LGMN 76 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 RGM-C 0.911 0.805 1.716 0.9 NAGK CK-MB CalpainI MEK1 b-ECGF 77 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a 0.92 0.798 1.718 0.899 CadherinE b-ECGF NACA CK-MB IGFBP-2 78 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES 0.925 0.783 1.708 0.898 CadherinE CK-MB CNDP1 NACA Proteinase-3 79 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a 0.925 0.79 1.715 0.894 CadherinE YES NACA BMP-1 VEGF 80 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C 0.901 0.814 1.716 0.917 ERBB1 GAPDH, liver ApoA-I YES IGFBP-2 81 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver 0.883 0.824 1.706 0.905 MMP-7 RGM-C CSK BLC SCFsR 82 RGM-C C9 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.912 YES CK-MB MMP-7 NAGK SCFsR 83 YES METAP1 MMP-7 CadherinE RGM-C 0.911 0.786 1.697 0.902 ERBB1 CK-MB Prothrombin SCFsR CATC 84 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C 0.892 0.793 1.685 0.9 CK-MB METAP1 C9 SCFsR Cadherin-6 85 CSK SCFsR CadherinE C9 ERBB1 0.906 0.807 1.713 0.903 IGFBP-2 CK-MB KPCI CNDP1 Catalase 86 SCFsR MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI METAP1 0.906 0.805 1.711 0.897 RGM-C ERBB1 IL-17B CK-MB CathepsinH 87 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.892 0.819 1.711 0.911 MMR YES RGM-C HMG-1 SCFsR 88 METAP1 HSP90b CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C 0.911 0.805 1.716 0.896 IL-17B CK-MB SCFsR IGFBP-2 IMB1 89 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR 0.892 0.805 1.697 0.895 RGM-C YES HSP90a CK-MB LGMN 90 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a 0.906 0.81 1.716 0.908 CadherinE CK-MB ApoA-I YES LRIG3 91 METAP1 GAPDH, liver MMP-7 CadherinE ERBB1 0.915 0.8 1.715 0.912 YES CK-MB SCFsR MEK1 RGM-C 92 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.898 CadherinE IGFBP-2 KPCI CK-MB MK13 93 YES CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 0.897 0.81 1.706 0.894 CNDP1 Proteinase-3 SCFsR Catalase b-ECGF 94 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE 0.897 0.817 1.713 0.911 CD30Ligand YES SCFsR GAPDH, liver VEGF 95 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE MMP-7 0.906 0.8 1.706 0.904 GAPDH, liver RGM-C ERBB1 BLC FGF-17 96 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.901 0.793 1.694 0.9 YES MMP-7 C9 RGM-C CATC 97 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB HSP90a 0.883 0.8 1.683 0.892 IGFBP-2 SCFsR ERBB1 Prothrombin Cadherin-6 98 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE CalpainI RGM-C 0.911 0.807 1.718 0.895 HSP90a KPCI Prothrombin CK-MB MMR 99 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a 0.906 0.805 1.711 0.897 CadherinE IGFBP-2 KPCI CK-MB CathepsinH 100 HMG-1 CalpainI ERBB1 CadherinE CK-MB 0.901 0.81 1.711 0.906 RGM-C MMP-7 SCFsR b-ECGF CSK Marker Count Marker Count CadherinE 100 CalpainI 8 ERBB1 99 NACA 7 RGM-C 96 IL-17B 7 CK-MB 96 HMG-1 7 SCFsR 91 FGF-17 7 YES 67 CathepsinH 7 METAP1 60 Catalase 7 MMP-7 34 Cadherin-6 7 GAPDH, liver 32 CD30Ligand 7 CSK 31 CATC 7 KPCI 28 BMP-1 7 MMR 22 BLC 7 IGFBP-2 22 ApoA-I 7 HSP90a 21 VEGF 6 CNDP1 19 Proteinase-3 6 b-ECGF 13 MK13 6 HSP90b 10 MEK1 6 C9 9 LRIG3 6 Prothrombin 8 LGMN 6 NAGK 8 IMB1 6

TABLE 10 100 Panels of 11 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.925 0.8 1.725 0.911 CK-MB Catalase MMP-7 b-ECGF ApoA-I 2 CD30Ligand METAP1 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE YES 0.901 0.812 1.713 0.896 RGM-C IGFBP-2 SCFsR b-ECGF BLC 3 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.92 0.812 1.732 0.911 CK-MB CNDP1 GAPDH, liver b-ECGF BMP-1 4 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 MMR 0.897 0.826 1.723 0.912 YES RGM-C C9 SCFsR MEK1 5 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C ERBB1 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.904 GAPDH, liver ApoA-I YES IGFBP-2 CATC 6 CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 HSP90a CadherinE YES 0.878 0.817 1.695 0.902 SCFsR CNDP1 RGM-C IGFBP-2 Cadherin-6 7 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C CK-MB 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.905 MMP-7 SCFsR NAGK CalpainI FGF-17 8 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.901 CK-MB BMP-1 HMG-1 HSP90b CathepsinH 9 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB YES 0.934 0.795 1.73 0.901 NACA IL-17B IGFBP-2 RGM-C SCFsR 10 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 RGM-C 0.92 0.807 1.727 0.9 CNDP1 CK-MB HSP90a b-ECGF YES 11 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.93 0.805 1.734 0.903 CK-MB CNDP1 KPCI IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand 12 YES CadherinE KPCI CK-MB SCFsR ERBB1 0.915 0.79 1.706 0.891 HSP90a CNDP1 METAP1 RGM-C LGMN 13 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB HSP90b ERBB1 YES 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.905 SCFsR RGM-C MMR LRIG3 MK13 14 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.925 0.795 1.72 0.901 CK-MB NACA CNDP1 b-ECGF Proteinase-3 15 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver MMP-7 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.915 RGM-C CSK MEK1 Prothrombin SCFsR 16 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver VEGF 0.911 0.819 1.73 0.913 RGM-C CSK BMP-1 MMR SCFsR 17 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.892 0.819 1.711 0.9 CK-MB MMR GAPDH, liver BLC MEK1 18 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB 0.901 0.821 1.723 0.913 CSK MMR FGF-17 C9 YES 19 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES 0.911 0.8 1.711 0.897 RGM-C GAPDH, liver FGF-17 IGFBP-2 CATC 20 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 0.887 0.807 1.694 0.896 YES SCFsR KPCI MMR Cadherin-6 21 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.897 IL-17B SCFsR IGFBP-2 CalpainI CNDP1 22 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.925 0.8 1.725 0.904 MMR SCFsR YES Catalase IGFBP-2 23 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB HSP90b ERBB1 YES 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.904 SCFsR RGM-C MMR LRIG3 CathepsinH 24 CD30Ligand METAP1 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE YES 0.915 0.812 1.727 0.897 RGM-C IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI HMG-1 25 CK-MB CNDP1 IMB1 CadherinE ERBB1 YES 0.925 0.802 1.727 0.901 METAP1 SCFsR HSP90a VEGF RGM-C 26 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C 0.892 0.812 1.704 0.89 CK-MB CalpainI CD30Ligand b-ECGF LGMN 27 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.925 0.807 1.732 0.904 CK-MB CNDP1 KPCI MMR MK13 28 YES CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C NAGK CalpainI 0.925 0.8 1.725 0.896 SCFsR CK-MB IL-17B METAP1 b-ECGF 29 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver VEGF 0.897 0.819 1.716 0.908 RGM-C CSK CNDP1 SCFsR Proteinase-3 30 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR CK-MB 0.901 0.821 1.723 0.914 MMP-7 GAPDH, liver Prothrombin RGM-C FGF-17 31 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.892 0.831 1.723 0.913 MMP-7 GAPDH, liver MEK1 ApoA-I CK-MB 32 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB 0.901 0.81 1.711 0.907 METAP1 C9 SCFsR IGFBP-2 BLC 33 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.906 0.802 1.708 0.906 IGFBP-2 CK-MB GAPDH, liver MMP-7 CATC 34 RGM-C C9 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR 0.892 0.8 1.692 0.895 CK-MB NAGK IGFBP-2 Catalase Cadherin-6 35 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB 0.901 0.819 1.72 0.908 CSK MEK1 YES BMP-1 CathepsinH 36 RGM-C BMP-1 ERBB1 METAP1 CadherinE HSP90b 0.906 0.814 1.72 0.902 SCFsR CK-MB YES VEGF HMG-1 37 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE IMB1 CSK CNDP1 0.925 0.802 1.727 0.905 CK-MB b-ECGF RGM-C YES VEGF 38 CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 HSP90a CadherinE YES 0.878 0.824 1.702 0.905 SCFsR CNDP1 RGM-C IGFBP-2 LGMN 39 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver LRIG3 0.901 0.821 1.723 0.914 MMR CSK IGFBP-2 RGM-C SCFsR 40 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES 0.925 0.805 1.73 0.903 RGM-C IGFBP-2 MK13 SCFsR KPCI 41 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 MMP-7 0.934 0.798 1.732 0.903 IGFBP-2 RGM-C SCFsR NACA HSP90a 42 METAP1 GAPDH, liver MMP-7 CadherinE ERBB1 YES 0.901 0.814 1.716 0.907 CK-MB SCFsR MEK1 RGM-C Proteinase-3 43 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 0.906 0.817 1.723 0.911 YES GAPDH, liver MMR VEGF Prothrombin 44 CK-MB IGFBP-2 CSK CadherinE RGM-C ERBB1 0.901 0.821 1.723 0.914 YES FGF-17 GAPDH, liver MMR ApoA-I 45 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB 0.883 0.826 1.709 0.908 CSK MMR IGFBP-2 BLC ApoA-I 46 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 MMP-7 0.915 0.793 1.708 0.906 IGFBP-2 RGM-C SCFsR GAPDH, liver CATC 47 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C 0.878 0.812 1.69 0.89 CK-MB CalpainI CD30Ligand b-ECGF Cadherin-6 48 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C 0.906 0.817 1.723 0.902 CK-MB CalpainI Catalase IGFBP-2 CSK 49 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB 0.911 0.81 1.72 0.902 HSP90b SCFsR YES LRIG3 CathepsinH 50 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 MMR 0.887 0.831 1.718 0.91 YES RGM-C HMG-1 SCFsR FGF-17 51 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.93 0.798 1.727 0.901 CK-MB CNDP1 KPCI IGFBP-2 IL-17B 52 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a YES CadherinE IMB1 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.9 CK-MB GAPDH, liver RGM-C CNDP1 b-ECGF 53 METAP1 GAPDH, liver MMP-7 CadherinE ERBB1 YES 0.901 0.8 1.701 0.903 CK-MB SCFsR MEK1 RGM-C LGMN 54 YES CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C METAP1 NACA 0.93 0.793 1.722 0.903 MMR CK-MB SCFsR MK13 IGFBP-2 55 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.911 0.81 1.72 0.91 NAGK MMP-7 CK-MB Catalase ApoA-I 56 CD30Ligand METAP1 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE YES 0.92 0.795 1.715 0.898 RGM-C IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI Proteinase-3 57 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE RGM-C MMR 0.915 0.807 1.723 0.901 YES SCFsR ApoA-I CNDP1 Prothrombin 58 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES 0.892 0.817 1.709 0.903 IGFBP-2 RGM-C CD30Ligand SCFsR BLC 59 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 MMR 0.906 0.817 1.723 0.913 YES RGM-C C9 SCFsR LRIG3 60 FGF-17 CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b SCFsR RGM-C 0.915 0.79 1.706 0.894 METAP1 CK-MB IGFBP-2 YES CATC 61 CNDP1 CalpainI ERBB1 CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB 0.883 0.807 1.69 0.89 SCFsR IMB1 b-ECGF IL-17B Cadherin-6 62 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a CadherinE 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.896 CalpainI CK-MB b-ECGF NAGK CathepsinH 63 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C ERBB1 0.897 0.821 1.718 0.912 GAPDH, liver ApoA-I YES IGFBP-2 HMG-1 64 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE MMP-7 GAPDH, liver 0.911 0.79 1.701 0.9 RGM-C ERBB1 HSP90a YES LGMN 65 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C 0.906 0.814 1.72 0.894 YES HSP90a CK-MB IMB1 MK13 66 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE ERBB1 IGFBP-2 0.93 0.798 1.727 0.902 YES RGM-C HSP90a CNDP1 NACA 67 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.892 0.821 1.713 0.912 CK-MB MMR GAPDH, liver Proteinase-3 IGFBP-2 68 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.914 CK-MB VEGF GAPDH, liver Prothrombin MMR 69 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE MMP-7 GAPDH, liver 0.897 0.812 1.709 0.902 RGM-C ERBB1 BLC FGF-17 NAGK 70 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES 0.906 0.821 1.728 0.914 BMP-1 SCFsR RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF 71 YES CadherinE GAPDH, liver MMP-7 SCFsR CK-MB 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.91 RGM-C CSK LRIG3 CNDP1 C9 72 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES 0.92 0.786 1.706 0.895 SCFsR KPCI IGFBP-2 RGM-C CATC 73 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.883 0.805 1.687 0.904 IGFBP-2 CK-MB GAPDH, liver MMP-7 Cadherin-6 74 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.895 IL-17B SCFsR IGFBP-2 NAGK Catalase 75 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.92 0.8 1.72 0.903 CK-MB CNDP1 IMB1 b-ECGF CathepsinH 76 SCFsR MMP-7 CadherinE KPCI METAP1 CK-MB 0.906 0.812 1.718 0.897 YES ERBB1 IL-17B HMG-1 RGM-C 77 RGM-C CadherinE HSP90a CK-MB YES ERBB1 0.883 0.817 1.699 0.902 SCFsR GAPDH, liver BMP-1 VEGF LGMN 78 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 RGM-C MMR 0.906 0.814 1.72 0.909 MK13 CK-MB HSP90b IGFBP-2 LRIG3 79 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.892 IL-17B SCFsR CNDP1 NACA IGFBP-2 80 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR CK-MB 0.901 0.81 1.711 0.899 MMP-7 KPCI CNDP1 Prothrombin Proteinase-3 81 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.901 0.807 1.709 0.902 CK-MB MMR GAPDH, liver BLC VEGF 82 CadherinE IGFBP-2 METAP1 ERBB1 RGM-C HSP90a 0.915 0.807 1.723 0.907 CK-MB C9 SCFsR YES b-ECGF 83 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.897 0.807 1.704 0.905 MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CK-MB CATC ApoA-I 84 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a CadherinE 0.911 0.776 1.687 0.889 IGFBP-2 NACA VEGF CK-MB Cadherin-6 85 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA 0.93 0.79 1.72 0.899 CK-MB SCFsR CNDP1 b-ECGF Catalase 86 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE MMP-7 GAPDH, liver 0.925 0.795 1.72 0.91 RGM-C ERBB1 C9 YES CathepsinH 87 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.906 0.812 1.718 0.904 CK-MB BMP-1 HMG-1 HSP90b MMR 88 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C ERBB1 0.883 0.817 1.699 0.907 GAPDH, liver ApoA-I YES IGFBP-2 LGMN 89 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.911 0.81 1.72 0.905 MMR SCFsR MK13 CNDP1 BMP-1 90 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.915 0.795 1.711 0.901 CK-MB CNDP1 KPCI IGFBP-2 Proteinase-3 91 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.906 0.814 1.72 0.898 MMR SCFsR IGFBP-2 Prothrombin CalpainI 92 CD30Ligand METAP1 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE YES 0.915 0.793 1.708 0.894 RGM-C IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI BLC 93 CK-MB IGFBP-2 CSK CadherinE RGM-C ERBB1 0.897 0.807 1.704 0.898 YES FGF-17 GAPDH, liver MMR CATC 94 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 0.892 0.793 1.685 0.895 YES SCFsR KPCI BMP-1 Cadherin-6 95 RGM-C C9 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR 0.901 0.817 1.718 0.909 CK-MB NAGK IGFBP-2 b-ECGF Catalase 96 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.911 0.807 1.718 0.899 MMP-7 GAPDH, liver KPCI ApoA-I CathepsinH 97 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.911 0.807 1.718 0.899 CK-MB BMP-1 HMG-1 KPCI IGFBP-2 98 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE ERBB1 IGFBP-2 0.925 0.8 1.725 0.904 YES RGM-C IMB1 BMP-1 b-ECGF 99 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C 0.887 0.812 1.699 0.893 CK-MB CalpainI Catalase b-ECGF LGMN 100 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 MMR 0.906 0.814 1.72 0.907 YES RGM-C CD30Ligand LRIG3 CNDP1 Marker Count Marker Count Marker Count CadherinE 100 b-ECGF 19 LGMN 8 ERBB1 99 HSP90a 14 IMB1 8 RGM-C 98 BMP-1 12 IL-17B 8 CK-MB 98 VEGF 11 HSP90b 8 SCFsR 92 ApoA-I 11 HMG-1 8 YES 81 CalpainI 10 CathepsinH 8 METAP1 53 FGF-17 9 Cadherin-6 8 GAPDH, liver 44 Catalase 9 CATC 8 IGFBP-2 43 CD30Ligand 9 BLC 8 CSK 37 C9 9 Prothrombin 7 CNDP1 35 NAGK 8 Proteinase-3 7 MMR 34 NACA 8 MK13 7 KPCI 28 LRIG3 8 MEK1 7 MMP-7 21

TABLE 11 100 Panels of 12 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB 0.92 0.81 1.73 0.914 METAP1 SCFsR FGF-17 ApoA-I YES IGFBP-2 2 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.892 0.821 1.713 0.903 CK-MB MMR GAPDH, liver BLC VEGF IGFBP-2 3 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 0.901 0.829 1.73 0.914 YES GAPDH, liver MMR SCFsR BMP-1 HMG-1 4 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.925 0.807 1.732 0.906 CK-MB Catalase NAGK b-ECGF C9 IGFBP-2 5 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES 0.925 0.795 1.72 0.902 RGM-C GAPDH, liver FGF-17 IGFBP-2 CATC SCFsR 6 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.915 0.814 1.73 0.911 CD30Ligand CK-MB FGF-17 GAPDH, liver MMR IGFBP-2 7 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 0.892 0.807 1.699 0.9 YES SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 LRIG3 Cadherin-6 8 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C 0.915 0.812 1.727 0.899 CK-MB CSK b-ECGF CalpainI IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand 9 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.899 CK-MB BMP-1 HMG-1 KPCI IGFBP-2 CathepsinH 10 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a CadherinE 0.925 0.805 1.73 0.9 IGFBP-2 KPCI CK-MB CNDP1 MK13 YES 11 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CNDP1 0.915 0.807 1.723 0.904 CSK CK-MB HSP90b YES b-ECGF Catalase 12 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 0.906 0.824 1.73 0.908 YES SCFsR GAPDH, liver FGF-17 IGFBP-2 IL-17B 13 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 RGM-C 0.925 0.807 1.732 0.906 MMR CK-MB IGFBP-2 MK13 YES MEK1 14 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.92 0.793 1.713 0.893 CK-MB CNDP1 NACA HSP90a b-ECGF LGMN 15 IL-17B CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB RGM-C 0.925 0.805 1.73 0.913 YES SCFsR GAPDH, liver MMP-7 ApoA-I IGFBP-2 16 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.902 CK-MB CNDP1 NACA b-ECGF BMP-1 Proteinase-3 17 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CD30Ligand 0.92 0.81 1.73 0.903 YES SCFsR IGFBP-2 KPCI Prothrombin CNDP1 18 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C ERBB1 0.897 0.817 1.713 0.904 GAPDH, liver ApoA-I YES SCFsR LRIG3 BLC 19 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.92 0.79 1.711 0.897 CK-MB CNDP1 NACA IGFBP-2 MK13 CATC 20 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a YES CadherinE IMB1 0.901 0.795 1.697 0.894 CK-MB GAPDH, liver RGM-C CNDP1 b-ECGF Cadherin-6 21 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C 0.92 0.807 1.727 0.91 CK-MB CSK GAPDH, liver b-ECGF ApoA-I LRIG3 22 CathepsinH CSK ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE SCFsR 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.902 KPCI Catalase YES CNDP1 CK-MB Prothrombin 23 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C YES 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.906 METAP1 SCFsR CK-MB Catalase CNDP1 IGFBP-2 24 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE ERBB1 IGFBP-2 0.915 0.79 1.706 0.896 YES RGM-C HSP90a CNDP1 NACA LGMN 25 CadherinE IGFBP-2 METAP1 ERBB1 MK13 CK-MB 0.93 0.81 1.739 0.904 SCFsR MEK1 RGM-C NACA YES CNDP1 26 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.925 0.805 1.73 0.901 CK-MB CNDP1 NACA MMP-7 GAPDH, liver IL-17B 27 RGM-C C9 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR 0.911 0.814 1.725 0.907 CK-MB NAGK IGFBP-2 b-ECGF Catalase VEGF 28 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.925 0.793 1.718 0.9 CK-MB CNDP1 NACA CathepsinH b-ECGF Proteinase-3 29 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB 0.906 0.805 1.711 0.904 METAP1 C9 SCFsR IGFBP-2 BLC YES 30 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 MMP-7 0.911 0.798 1.708 0.904 IGFBP-2 RGM-C SCFsR GAPDH, liver FGF-17 CATC 31 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 MMR 0.887 0.807 1.694 0.901 YES RGM-C C9 SCFsR LRIG3 Cadherin-6 32 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.911 0.814 1.725 0.905 MMR CK-MB CalpainI MK13 CNDP1 GAPDH, liver 33 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.925 0.805 1.73 0.896 CK-MB CNDP1 NACA HSP90a HMG-1 b-ECGF 34 RGM-C BMP-1 ERBB1 METAP1 CadherinE HSP90b 0.906 0.814 1.72 0.896 SCFsR CK-MB YES IMB1 Catalase VEGF 35 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES 0.887 0.817 1.704 0.902 BMP-1 SCFsR RGM-C VEGF CD30Ligand LGMN 36 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.925 0.805 1.73 0.904 CK-MB CNDP1 NACA IGFBP-2 MEK1 Catalase 37 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C ERBB1 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.899 KPCI NAGK SCFsR CalpainI LRIG3 IGFBP-2 38 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.906 0.81 1.716 0.89 IL-17B SCFsR CNDP1 NACA IGFBP-2 Proteinase-3 39 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA 0.934 0.795 1.73 0.904 CK-MB SCFsR CNDP1 b-ECGF Prothrombin RGM-C 40 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.906 0.805 1.711 0.899 CK-MB Catalase NAGK b-ECGF IGFBP-2 BLC 41 METAP1 GAPDH, liver MMP-7 CadherinE ERBB1 YES 0.906 0.8 1.706 0.901 CK-MB SCFsR FGF-17 RGM-C Catalase CATC 42 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 RGM-C 0.892 0.802 1.694 0.9 MMR CK-MB IGFBP-2 MK13 CNDP1 Cadherin-6 43 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.9 CK-MB CNDP1 NACA CathepsinH b-ECGF MEK1 44 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB YES 0.93 0.798 1.727 0.898 NACA IL-17B IGFBP-2 RGM-C SCFsR HMG-1 45 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB 0.906 0.814 1.72 0.905 HSP90b SCFsR YES LRIG3 FGF-17 ApoA-I 46 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C ERBB1 0.887 0.814 1.702 0.904 GAPDH, liver ApoA-I YES b-ECGF IGFBP-2 LGMN 47 CK-MB MMR GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C METAP1 0.906 0.81 1.716 0.909 IGFBP-2 SCFsR FGF-17 ERBB1 YES Proteinase-3 48 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C SCFsR CadherinE 0.93 0.798 1.727 0.901 b-ECGF YES GAPDH, liver CNDP1 Prothrombin HSP90a 49 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.92 0.79 1.711 0.897 CK-MB CNDP1 NACA MMP-7 GAPDH, liver BLC 50 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 FGF-17 CadherinE 0.915 0.79 1.706 0.897 IGFBP-2 YES MMR SCFsR IMB1 CATC 51 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.92 0.807 1.727 0.903 CK-MB CNDP1 NACA IGFBP-2 MEK1 CD30Ligand 52 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 0.883 0.81 1.692 0.894 YES SCFsR KPCI MMR FGF-17 Cadherin-6 53 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.897 CK-MB CSK b-ECGF CalpainI IL-17B BMP-1 54 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.93 0.793 1.722 0.9 CK-MB CNDP1 NACA CathepsinH b-ECGF Catalase 55 YES CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C METAP1 NACA 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.902 MMR CK-MB SCFsR MK13 CNDP1 HMG-1 56 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C YES 0.911 0.81 1.72 0.897 METAP1 SCFsR CK-MB HSP90a CNDP1 HMG-1 57 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a YES CadherinE IMB1 0.892 0.81 1.702 0.896 CK-MB GAPDH, liver RGM-C CNDP1 b-ECGF LGMN 58 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 FGF-17 CadherinE 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.9 IGFBP-2 YES MMR NAGK KPCI SCFsR 59 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR 0.911 0.805 1.716 0.896 CNDP1 Catalase YES ERBB1 MK13 Proteinase-3 60 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 MMP-7 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.913 IGFBP-2 RGM-C SCFsR GAPDH, liver MEK1 Prothrombin 61 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.93 0.805 1.734 0.911 CK-MB CNDP1 GAPDH, liver b-ECGF MMR VEGF 62 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB 0.873 0.836 1.709 0.906 CSK MMR IGFBP-2 BLC ApoA-I VEGF 63 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.913 RGM-C GAPDH, liver FGF-17 IGFBP-2 C9 SCFsR 64 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR 0.915 0.79 1.706 0.891 CNDP1 Catalase YES ERBB1 MK13 CATC 65 CD30Ligand METAP1 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE YES 0.93 0.798 1.727 0.903 RGM-C IGFBP-2 SCFsR b-ECGF CNDP1 NACA 66 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 0.897 0.795 1.692 0.894 YES SCFsR KPCI BMP-1 b-ECGF Cadherin-6 67 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a CadherinE 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.895 IGFBP-2 KPCI CK-MB CNDP1 CalpainI b-ECGF 68 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES 0.906 0.814 1.72 0.908 RGM-C GAPDH, liver BMP-1 SCFsR CathepsinH MEK1 69 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C YES 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.9 METAP1 SCFsR CK-MB Catalase CNDP1 HMG-1 70 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C 0.897 0.805 1.701 0.892 CK-MB CSK b-ECGF CalpainI Catalase LGMN 71 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.902 CK-MB FGF-17 NAGK MMP-7 IGFBP-2 KPCI 72 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA 0.925 0.79 1.715 0.904 CK-MB SCFsR RGM-C b-ECGF CNDP1 Proteinase-3 73 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 0.906 0.817 1.723 0.9 MMR SCFsR IGFBP-2 Prothrombin MK13 GAPDH, liver 74 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB 0.873 0.836 1.709 0.904 CSK MMR IGFBP-2 BLC ApoA-I MEK1 75 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.902 YES SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 NACA CD30Ligand 76 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.92 0.786 1.706 0.897 CK-MB CNDP1 NACA MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CATC 77 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR 0.897 0.795 1.692 0.889 CNDP1 Catalase YES ERBB1 FGF-17 Cadherin-6 78 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.898 CNDP1 Catalase YES ERBB1 FGF-17 CathepsinH 79 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C YES 0.925 0.795 1.72 0.906 METAP1 SCFsR CK-MB BMP-1 CSK MMP-7 80 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 RGM-C 0.93 0.798 1.727 0.901 CNDP1 CK-MB VEGF YES IL-17B Catalase 81 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA 0.92 0.781 1.701 0.897 CK-MB SCFsR HSP90a CNDP1 RGM-C LGMN 82 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C ERBB1 0.901 0.824 1.725 0.917 GAPDH, liver ApoA-I YES SCFsR LRIG3 IGFBP-2 83 SCFsR NAGK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C ERBB1 0.93 0.795 1.725 0.899 IL-17B METAP1 MMP-7 YES IMB1 b-ECGF 84 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES 0.901 0.812 1.713 0.906 RGM-C GAPDH, liver FGF-17 IGFBP-2 ApoA-I Proteinase-3 85 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES 0.906 0.817 1.723 0.916 IGFBP-2 RGM-C Prothrombin MMP-7 SCFsR MEK1 86 CadherinE IGFBP-2 METAP1 ERBB1 RGM-C HSP90a 0.897 0.812 1.709 0.901 CK-MB ApoA-I YES b-ECGF SCFsR BLC 87 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.903 YES SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 NACA MEK1 88 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 0.892 0.812 1.704 0.903 YES SCFsR GAPDH, liver FGF-17 IGFBP-2 CATC 89 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES 0.901 0.824 1.725 0.913 IGFBP-2 RGM-C CD30Ligand ApoA-I MEK1 SCFsR 90 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.906 0.786 1.692 0.894 CK-MB NACA CNDP1 b-ECGF CathepsinH Cadherin-6 91 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.911 BMP-1 RGM-C MMR CalpainI ApoA-I SCFsR 92 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE 0.934 0.788 1.722 0.9 MMP-7 NACA IL-17B CK-MB HMG-1 IGFBP-2 93 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE MMP-7 ERBB1 0.911 0.807 1.718 0.892 RGM-C Prothrombin HSP90b b-ECGF NACA HSP90a 94 VEGF METAP1 CadherinE ERBB1 CK-MB CalpainI 0.892 0.807 1.699 0.895 CNDP1 RGM-C SCFsR MEK1 GAPDH, liver LGMN 95 YES CadherinE GAPDH, liver MMP-7 SCFsR CK-MB 0.906 0.817 1.723 0.912 RGM-C CSK IGFBP-2 MMR LRIG3 ApoA-I 96 SCFsR NAGK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C ERBB1 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.904 IL-17B METAP1 MMP-7 CalpainI ApoA-I b-ECGF 97 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C 0.906 0.807 1.713 0.899 CK-MB NACA CNDP1 b-ECGF CD30Ligand Proteinase-3 98 CD30Ligand METAP1 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE YES 0.901 0.807 1.709 0.9 RGM-C IGFBP-2 SCFsR b-ECGF BLC GAPDH, liver 99 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.913 METAP1 C9 SCFsR IGFBP-2 Catalase FGF-17 100 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES 0.901 0.802 1.704 0.899 RGM-C GAPDH, liver FGF-17 IGFBP-2 CATC ApoA-I Marker Count Marker Count CadherinE 100 HSP90a 12 CK-MB 100 MK13 10 ERBB1 98 IL-17B 10 SCFsR 97 CalpainI 10 RGM-C 96 CD30Ligand 10 YES 84 BMP-1 10 METAP1 67 CATC 9 CNDP1 54 C9 9 IGFBP-2 53 BLC 9 GAPDH, liver 46 VEGF 8 b-ECGF 35 Prothrombin 8 MMR 32 Proteinase-3 8 CSK 31 NAGK 8 NACA 27 LRIG3 8 MMP-7 19 LGMN 8 KPCI 19 IMB1 8 FGF-17 19 HSP90b 8 Catalase 18 HMG-1 8 ApoA-I 16 CathepsinH 8 MEK1 12 Cadherin-6 8

TABLE 12 100 Panels of 13 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.92 0.812 1.732 0.908 CNDP1 GAPDH, b-ECGF BMP-1 IL-17B ApoA-I liver 2 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.79 1.715 0.897 CNDP1 NACA b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase BLC 3 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.802 1.727 0.911 CNDP1 GAPDH, b-ECGF IGFBP-2 C9 Catalase liver 4 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C CK-MB 0.92 0.798 1.718 0.898 MMR GAPDH, NACA CNDP1 MK13 CATC liver 5 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB CSK 0.915 0.812 1.727 0.904 MEK1 YES CNDP1 IGFBP-2 NACA CD30Ligand 6 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.911 0.795 1.706 0.894 Catalase NAGK b-ECGF C9 IGFBP-2 Cadherin-6 7 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C CK-MB 0.901 0.824 1.725 0.904 CSK IGFBP-2 KPCI MK13 CNDP1 Prothrombin 8 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.8 1.725 0.902 CNDP1 NACA MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CathepsinH b-ECGF 9 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB METAP1 0.92 0.81 1.73 0.911 liver SCFsR FGF-17 ApoA-I YES b-ECGF IGFBP-2 10 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES RGM-C 0.92 0.81 1.73 0.911 GAPDH, BMP-1 SCFsR CNDP1 VEGF HMG-1 liver 11 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB CSK 0.906 0.824 1.73 0.911 MMR IGFBP-2 CNDP1 YES HSP90a BMP-1 12 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB HSP90b ERBB1 YES SCFsR 0.925 0.8 1.725 0.904 RGM-C IGFBP-2 BMP-1 GAPDH, liver Catalase b-ECGF 13 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 RGM-C CNDP1 0.93 0.8 1.73 0.902 CK-MB HSP90a b-ECGF YES ApoA-I VEGF 14 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, ERBB1 YES BMP-1 0.897 0.812 1.709 0.902 liver SCFsR RGM-C VEGF CD30Ligand CNDP1 LGMN 15 YES CadherinE ERBB1 RGM-C CSK CK-MB LRIG3 0.897 0.826 1.723 0.912 GAPDH, MMR BMP-1 SCFsR ApoA-I VEGF liver 16 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.903 Catalase NAGK b-ECGF C9 IGFBP-2 Proteinase-3 17 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CK-MB 0.925 0.79 1.715 0.898 SCFsR CNDP1 b-ECGF GAPDH, liver RGM-C BLC 18 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.911 0.805 1.716 0.904 ApoA-I YES SCFsR LRIG3 IGFBP-2 CATC 19 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.892 0.812 1.704 0.902 SCFsR GAPDH, Catalase IGFBP-2 BMP-1 Cadherin-6 liver 20 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.906 0.819 1.725 0.91 GAPDH, MMR b-ECGF SCFsR BMP-1 CalpainI liver 21 CathepsinH CSK ERBB1 RGM-C CadherinE SCFsR KPCI 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.9 Catalase YES CNDP1 CK-MB Prothrombin HMG-1 22 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES RGM-C 0.92 0.81 1.73 0.912 GAPDH, FGF-17 IGFBP-2 CNDP1 SCFsR MK13 liver 23 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CD30Ligand YES 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.898 SCFsR IGFBP-2 KPCI Prothrombin CNDP1 HSP90b 24 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.899 CNDP1 GAPDH, b-ECGF BMP-1 IL-17B NACA liver 25 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 FGF-17 CadherinE IGFBP-2 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.908 YES MMR SCFsR IMB1 CNDP1 b-ECGF 26 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 RGM-C CNDP1 0.906 0.802 1.708 0.9 CK-MB VEGF YES BMP-1 MK13 LGMN 27 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB CSK 0.92 0.812 1.732 0.914 MEK1 YES CNDP1 IGFBP-2 ApoA-I Catalase 28 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CK-MB 0.925 0.795 1.72 0.9 SCFsR CNDP1 b-ECGF Prothrombin ApoA-I Proteinase-3 29 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C CK-MB 0.892 0.821 1.713 0.904 MMR GAPDH, BLC VEGF IGFBP-2 ApoA-I liver 30 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C IGFBP-2 0.901 0.812 1.713 0.906 CK-MB GAPDH, MMP-7 ApoA-I LRIG3 CATC liver 31 CD30Ligand METAP1 CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE YES RGM-C 0.911 0.786 1.697 0.894 IGFBP-2 SCFsR b-ECGF CNDP1 NACA Cadherin-6 32 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 RGM-C MMR MK13 0.925 0.8 1.725 0.903 IGFBP-2 CK-MB NACA ApoA-I CalpainI VEGF 33 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.903 CNDP1 NACA IGFBP-2 MEK1 CathepsinH Catalase 34 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR CNDP1 0.911 0.814 1.725 0.9 Catalase YES ERBB1 RGM-C MEK1 HMG-1 35 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.915 0.812 1.727 0.912 SCFsR GAPDH, FGF-17 IGFBP-2 HSP90a ApoA-I liver 36 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB HSP90b 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.905 liver SCFsR YES LRIG3 BMP-1 FGF-17 METAP1 37 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 IL-17B 0.906 0.817 1.723 0.897 SCFsR IGFBP-2 CalpainI CNDP1 Prothrombin ApoA-I 38 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C CK-MB 0.897 0.81 1.706 0.897 CSK b-ECGF CalpainI MMR BMP-1 LGMN 39 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CK-MB 0.93 0.8 1.73 0.905 SCFsR RGM-C FGF-17 NAGK IGFBP-2 CNDP1 40 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.795 1.72 0.902 CNDP1 NACA b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase Proteinase-3 41 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.911 0.802 1.713 0.904 Catalase MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CNDP1 b-ECGF BLC 42 YES NAGK ERBB1 HSP90a RGM-C CadherinE METAP1 0.925 0.8 1.725 0.906 CK-MB b-ECGF SCFsR C9 IGFBP-2 ApoA-I 43 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES RGM-C 0.915 0.798 1.713 0.9 GAPDH, FGF-17 IGFBP-2 CATC SCFsR Catalase liver 44 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.915 0.781 1.696 0.895 CNDP1 NACA b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase Cadherin-6 45 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 RGM-C CNDP1 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.901 CK-MB Catalase b-ECGF YES CathepsinH MEK1 46 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 MMR 0.911 0.814 1.725 0.903 SCFsR MK13 HMG-1 CNDP1 BMP-1 YES 47 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CNDP1 CSK 0.906 0.812 1.718 0.902 CK-MB HSP90b YES HSP90a LRIG3 b-ECGF 48 IL-17B CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB RGM-C YES 0.915 0.807 1.723 0.901 SCFsR GAPDH, CNDP1 b-ECGF NACA MMP-7 liver 49 CD30Ligand KPCI ERBB1 SCFsR CadherinE CK-MB CSK 0.906 0.8 1.706 0.895 YES CNDP1 Prothrombin CathepsinH RGM-C LGMN 50 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CK-MB 0.92 0.798 1.718 0.897 SCFsR CNDP1 b-ECGF Prothrombin FGF-17 Proteinase-3 51 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C CK-MB MMP-7 0.911 0.802 1.713 0.907 SCFsR ApoA-I YES GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 BLC 52 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C CK-MB 0.901 0.821 1.723 0.909 VEGF GAPDH, MMR IGFBP-2 HSP90a C9 liver 53 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES RGM-C 0.915 0.795 1.711 0.904 GAPDH, FGF-17 IGFBP-2 CATC SCFsR ApoA-I liver 54 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.892 0.802 1.694 0.898 SCFsR GAPDH, b-ECGF CalpainI BMP-1 Cadherin-6 liver 55 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.901 BMP-1 HMG-1 KPCI IGFBP-2 CNDP1 Prothrombin 56 RGM-C BMP-1 ERBB1 METAP1 CadherinE HSP90b SCFsR 0.906 0.812 1.718 0.895 CK-MB YES IMB1 Catalase VEGF Prothrombin 57 IL-17B CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB RGM-C YES 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.903 SCFsR GAPDH, MMP-7 IGFBP-2 NACA CNDP1 liver 58 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.892 0.812 1.704 0.904 ApoA-I BMP-1 YES IGFBP-2 b-ECGF LGMN 59 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.93 0.798 1.727 0.904 CNDP1 NACA b-ECGF BMP-1 NAGK MMP-7 60 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.915 0.8 1.715 0.901 CNDP1 NACA IGFBP-2 MEK1 b-ECGF Proteinase-3 61 RGM-C C9 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR CK-MB 0.901 0.81 1.711 0.899 NAGK IGFBP-2 b-ECGF Catalase VEGF BLC 62 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB METAP1 0.915 0.795 1.711 0.904 liver SCFsR FGF-17 ApoA-I YES IGFBP-2 CATC 63 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.906 0.817 1.723 0.907 SCFsR GAPDH, b-ECGF CalpainI BMP-1 CD30Ligand liver 64 CD30Ligand KPCI ERBB1 SCFsR CadherinE CK-MB CSK 0.897 0.798 1.694 0.893 YES CNDP1 Prothrombin CathepsinH RGM-C Cadherin-6 65 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.915 0.807 1.723 0.902 CNDP1 KPCI IGFBP-2 FGF-17 BMP-1 HMG-1 66 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.911 0.807 1.718 0.908 CNDP1 GAPDH, b-ECGF BMP-1 MMP-7 HSP90b liver 67 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 CK-MB YES NACA 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.898 IL-17B IGFBP-2 RGM-C SCFsR HMG-1 MEK1 68 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C CSK SCFsR 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.91 liver YES BMP-1 CNDP1 VEGF IMB1 CK-MB 69 VEGF RGM-C ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE MMR 0.901 0.802 1.704 0.905 GAPDH, SCFsR IGFBP-2 YES ApoA-I LGMN liver 70 MMR CSK CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.901 0.821 1.723 0.912 ApoA-I YES SCFsR LRIG3 IGFBP-2 MEK1 71 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a CadherinE IGFBP-2 0.92 0.795 1.715 0.899 NACA CK-MB CNDP1 b-ECGF YES Proteinase-3 72 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a CadherinE b-ECGF 0.92 0.79 1.711 0.891 NACA CK-MB NAGK MMP-7 Prothrombin BLC 73 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.906 0.817 1.723 0.91 CNDP1 GAPDH, b-ECGF IGFBP-2 MEK1 C9 liver 74 CK-MB IGFBP-2 CSK CadherinE RGM-C ERBB1 YES 0.897 0.812 1.709 0.903 FGF-17 GAPDH, MMR ApoA-I SCFsR CATC liver 75 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C MMP-7 0.906 0.788 1.694 0.898 GAPDH, NACA CNDP1 CK-MB b-ECGF Cadherin-6 liver 76 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.891 CNDP1 NACA CathepsinH b-ECGF Catalase KPCI 77 CK-MB MMP-7 METAP1 RGM-C SCFsR CadherinE b-ECGF 0.911 0.807 1.718 0.905 YES GAPDH, CNDP1 ERBB1 HSP90b Prothrombin liver 78 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.93 0.793 1.722 0.902 CNDP1 NACA MMP-7 GAPDH, liver ApoA-I IL-17B 79 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 RGM-C CNDP1 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.908 CK-MB VEGF YES BMP-1 MMR MK13 80 YES NAGK ERBB1 HSP90a RGM-C CadherinE METAP1 0.906 0.798 1.704 0.896 CK-MB b-ECGF SCFsR C9 ApoA-I LGMN 81 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB METAP1 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.914 liver C9 SCFsR YES LRIG3 ApoA-I IGFBP-2 82 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C IGFBP-2 0.901 0.812 1.713 0.91 CK-MB GAPDH, MMR Catalase ApoA-I Proteinase-3 liver 83 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR CNDP1 0.915 0.793 1.708 0.897 Catalase YES ERBB1 MK13 RGM-C BLC 84 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.783 1.708 0.896 CNDP1 NACA MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CathepsinH CATC 85 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB CSK 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.906 MMR IGFBP-2 CNDP1 YES KPCI CD30Ligand 86 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C CSK SCFsR 0.878 0.814 1.692 0.902 liver YES BMP-1 CNDP1 Catalase CK-MB Cadherin-6 87 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB CSK 0.897 0.824 1.721 0.907 MEK1 YES BMP-1 CalpainI CNDP1 b-ECGF 88 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE MMP-7 0.92 0.8 1.72 0.902 NACA IL-17B CK-MB HMG-1 CNDP1 IGFBP-2 89 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.915 0.802 1.718 0.901 CNDP1 GAPDH, b-ECGF BMP-1 IL-17B HSP90b liver 90 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.895 CNDP1 NACA MMP-7 IMB1 HSP90a ApoA-I 91 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB METAP1 0.892 0.81 1.702 0.905 liver SCFsR FGF-17 ApoA-I YES IGFBP-2 LGMN 92 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C IGFBP-2 0.892 0.829 1.721 0.915 CK-MB GAPDH, MMP-7 ApoA-I LRIG3 BMP-1 liver 93 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.901 0.812 1.713 0.904 CNDP1 CalpainI b-ECGF BMP-1 VEGF Proteinase-3 94 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 MMP-7 IGFBP-2 0.915 0.793 1.708 0.902 RGM-C SCFsR GAPDH, liver NAGK Prothrombin BLC 95 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CK-MB 0.93 0.779 1.708 0.899 SCFsR RGM-C b-ECGF CNDP1 IGFBP-2 CATC 96 METAP1 GAPDH, MMP-7 CadherinE CK-MB RGM-C FGF-17 0.915 0.807 1.723 0.907 liver ERBB1 SCFsR b-ECGF YES Prothrombin CD30Ligand 97 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.901 0.79 1.692 0.895 CNDP1 NACA b-ECGF MMR FGF-17 Cadherin-6 98 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES BMP-1 0.93 0.793 1.722 0.903 SCFsR RGM-C KPCI CNDP1 CathepsinH Catalase 99 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 RGM-C CNDP1 0.92 0.8 1.72 0.906 CK-MB VEGF YES IGFBP-2 HMG-1 BMP-1 100 RGM-C BMP-1 ERBB1 METAP1 CadherinE HSP90b SCFsR 0.915 0.802 1.718 0.898 CK-MB YES VEGF CSK Catalase GAPDH, liver Marker Count Marker Count ERBB1 100 FGF-17 15 CadherinE 100 Prothrombin 14 CK-MB 100 MEK1 10 SCFsR 99 HSP90a 10 RGM-C 98 NAGK 9 YES 94 IMB1 9 CNDP1 69 IL-17B 9 METAP1 67 HSP90b 9 GAPDH, liver 56 HMG-1 9 IGFBP-2 54 CathepsinH 9 b-ECGF 45 CalpainI 9 CSK 34 Cadherin-6 9 MMR 31 CD30Ligand 9 BMP-1 31 CATC 9 NACA 29 C9 9 ApoA-I 27 BLC 9 MMP-7 23 Proteinase-3 8 Catalase 23 MK13 8 VEGF 16 LRIG3 8 KPCI 15 LGMN 8

TABLE 13 100 Panels of 14 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES RGM-C 0.93 0.802 1.732 0.915 GAPDH, BMP-1 SCFsR CNDP1 VEGF Catalase ApoA-I liver 2 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES LRIG3 0.911 0.805 1.716 0.904 RGM-C IGFBP-2 FGF-17 GAPDH, liver SCFsR ApoA-I BLC 3 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver VEGF RGM-C 0.906 0.819 1.725 0.91 CSK CNDP1 MEK1 SCFsR C9 Catalase IGFBP-2 4 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.93 0.79 1.72 0.896 CNDP1 NACA MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CathepsinH b-ECGF CATC 5 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB CSK 0.925 0.807 1.732 0.905 MMR IGFBP-2 CNDP1 YES KPCI MEK1 CD30Ligand 6 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES BMP-1 0.897 0.814 1.711 0.902 SCFsR RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF Catalase IGFBP-2 Cadherin-6 7 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES BMP-1 0.925 0.81 1.734 0.909 SCFsR RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF Prothrombin CalpainI b-ECGF 8 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES BMP-1 0.915 0.821 1.737 0.913 SCFsR RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF Catalase IGFBP-2 HMG-1 9 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.93 0.795 1.725 0.904 CNDP1 NACA HSP90a ApoA-I MMP-7 Prothrombin b-ECGF 10 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.802 1.727 0.897 CNDP1 KPCI b-ECGF BMP-1 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 HSP90b 11 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C CK-MB 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.9 CSK GAPDH, b-ECGF IGFBP-2 NACA IL-17B ApoA-I liver 12 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 IMB1 CadherinE YES SCFsR 0.911 0.819 1.73 0.902 MMR CSK CNDP1 MK13 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 KPCI 13 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 RGM-C CNDP1 0.915 0.795 1.711 0.901 CK-MB Catalase b-ECGF VEGF YES BMP-1 LGMN 14 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C CK-MB 0.92 0.807 1.727 0.901 NACA CNDP1 b-ECGF CD30Ligand MEK1 IGFBP-2 NAGK 15 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.795 1.72 0.904 Catalase MMP-7 GAPDH, CNDP1 IGFBP-2 NACA Proteinase-3 liver 16 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES BMP-1 0.883 0.831 1.714 0.903 SCFsR RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF Catalase IGFBP-2 BLC 17 CK-MB MMR GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C METAP1 IGFBP-2 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.911 liver SCFsR YES ERBB1 b-ECGF ApoA-I C9 FGF-17 18 CK-MB MMR GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C METAP1 IGFBP-2 0.911 0.8 1.711 0.903 liver SCFsR YES ERBB1 b-ECGF ApoA-I C9 CATC 19 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.887 0.814 1.702 0.9 GAPDH, MMR b-ECGF SCFsR BMP-1 CalpainI Cadherin-6 liver 20 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR CNDP1 0.92 0.81 1.73 0.9 Catalase YES ERBB1 RGM-C BMP-1 CalpainI CathepsinH 21 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.92 0.81 1.73 0.903 BMP-1 HMG-1 KPCI IGFBP-2 CNDP1 GAPDH, liver MMR 22 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.894 CNDP1 NACA VEGF IL-17B GAPDH, liver b-ECGF HSP90a 23 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.903 Catalase MMP-7 GAPDH, CNDP1 b-ECGF NAGK HSP90b liver 24 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 RGM-C CNDP1 0.901 0.807 1.709 0.899 CK-MB VEGF YES BMP-1 MK13 LRIG3 LGMN 25 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.915 0.802 1.718 0.901 CNDP1 NACA IGFBP-2 MEK1 Catalase Proteinase-3 b-ECGF 26 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C CK-MB 0.911 0.802 1.713 0.891 CSK b-ECGF CalpainI IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand Prothrombin BLC 27 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB METAP1 0.906 0.802 1.708 0.902 liver SCFsR FGF-17 ApoA-I YES IGFBP-2 CATC LRIG3 28 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver VEGF RGM-C 0.873 0.826 1.699 0.899 CSK CNDP1 MEK1 SCFsR BMP-1 IGFBP-2 Cadherin-6 29 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.93 0.795 1.725 0.899 CNDP1 GAPDH, b-ECGF BMP-1 KPCI CathepsinH Catalase liver 30 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES BMP-1 0.897 0.831 1.728 0.91 SCFsR RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF HMG-1 IGFBP-2 b-ECGF 31 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES RGM-C 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.902 GAPDH, BMP-1 SCFsR KPCI IGFBP-2 CNDP1 HSP90a liver 32 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.905 CNDP1 GAPDH, b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase HSP90b C9 liver 33 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.8 1.725 0.903 CNDP1 NACA VEGF IL-17B GAPDH, liver MMP-7 ApoA-I 34 CK-MB MMR GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C METAP1 IGFBP-2 0.911 0.798 1.708 0.905 liver SCFsR YES ERBB1 b-ECGF ApoA-I C9 LGMN 35 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver VEGF RGM-C 0.887 0.843 1.73 0.908 CSK CNDP1 MEK1 SCFsR BMP-1 MK13 IGFBP-2 36 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.802 1.727 0.909 Catalase MMP-7 GAPDH, CNDP1 b-ECGF NAGK FGF-17 liver 37 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES BMP-1 0.883 0.833 1.716 0.907 SCFsR RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF CathepsinH IGFBP-2 Proteinase-3 38 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.901 0.81 1.711 0.905 Catalase MMP-7 GAPDH, CNDP1 b-ECGF BLC IGFBP-2 liver 39 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB METAP1 0.915 0.793 1.708 0.904 liver C9 SCFsR YES LRIG3 ApoA-I IGFBP-2 CATC 40 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.805 1.73 0.911 Catalase MMP-7 GAPDH, CNDP1 b-ECGF ApoA-I CD30Ligand liver 41 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.883 0.814 1.697 0.9 SCFsR GAPDH, Catalase IGFBP-2 BMP-1 FGF-17 Cadherin-6 liver 42 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES BMP-1 0.892 0.833 1.725 0.91 SCFsR RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF HMG-1 IGFBP-2 MEK1 43 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.898 CNDP1 NACA HSP90a ApoA-I VEGF b-ECGF GAPDH, liver 44 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C YES METAP1 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.905 SCFsR CK-MB BMP-1 CNDP1 GAPDH, liver Catalase VEGF 45 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CK-MB 0.93 0.795 1.725 0.902 SCFsR RGM-C FGF-17 NAGK IGFBP-2 IL-17B CNDP1 46 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.92 0.81 1.73 0.897 CNDP1 KPCI b-ECGF BMP-1 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 IMB1 47 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CNDP1 CK-MB 0.915 0.793 1.708 0.899 METAP1 VEGF YES HSP90a b-ECGF ApoA-I LGMN 48 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.805 1.73 0.904 CNDP1 KPCI MMR MK13 Prothrombin MEK1 IGFBP-2 49 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver VEGF RGM-C 0.883 0.833 1.716 0.907 CSK CNDP1 MEK1 SCFsR BMP-1 IGFBP-2 Proteinase-3 50 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.915 0.795 1.711 0.895 CNDP1 NACA b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase BLC CD30Ligand 51 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C CSK SCFsR 0.92 0.788 1.708 0.898 liver YES BMP-1 CNDP1 VEGF IMB1 ApoA-I CATC 52 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C CK-MB 0.897 0.8 1.697 0.893 NACA CNDP1 b-ECGF CD30Ligand MEK1 IGFBP-2 Cadherin-6 53 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR CNDP1 0.93 0.795 1.725 0.902 Catalase YES ERBB1 RGM-C BMP-1 GAPDH, liver CathepsinH 54 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.915 0.807 1.723 0.906 GAPDH, MMR SCFsR BMP-1 HMG-1 KPCI IGFBP-2 liver 55 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C YES METAP1 0.925 0.795 1.72 0.905 SCFsR CK-MB Catalase CNDP1 HMG-1 IGFBP-2 C9 56 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.899 CNDP1 GAPDH, b-ECGF BMP-1 IL-17B IMB1 CD30Ligand liver 57 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES BMP-1 0.892 0.814 1.706 0.907 SCFsR RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF Catalase IGFBP-2 LGMN 58 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.911 0.814 1.725 0.909 SCFsR GAPDH, b-ECGF CalpainI BMP-1 LRIG3 ApoA-I liver 59 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR CNDP1 0.92 0.807 1.727 0.9 Catalase YES ERBB1 MK13 RGM-C MMR IMB1 60 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.802 1.727 0.905 CNDP1 NACA MMP-7 NAGK b-ECGF IGFBP-2 FGF-17 61 RGM-C C9 ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR CK-MB 0.901 0.814 1.716 0.905 NAGK IGFBP-2 b-ECGF Catalase VEGF Proteinase-3 ApoA-I 62 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE ERBB1 IGFBP-2 YES 0.915 0.795 1.711 0.901 RGM-C HSP90a CNDP1 ApoA-I GAPDH, liver FGF-17 BLC 63 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.911 0.795 1.706 0.901 GAPDH, MMR SCFsR BMP-1 MK13 IMB1 CATC liver 64 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES BMP-1 0.883 0.812 1.695 0.901 RGM-C MMR CalpainI ApoA-I SCFsR CNDP1 Cadherin-6 65 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.901 CNDP1 NACA IGFBP-2 MEK1 Catalase HMG-1 CathepsinH 66 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB HSP90b 0.915 0.802 1.718 0.906 liver SCFsR YES LRIG3 BMP-1 FGF-17 ApoA-I METAP1 67 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.911 0.81 1.72 0.909 SCFsR GAPDH, Catalase IGFBP-2 MMP-7 Prothrombin IL-17B liver 68 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C CK-MB 0.897 0.81 1.706 0.9 MMR KPCI MEK1 GAPDH, liver CNDP1 BMP-1 LGMN 69 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CK-MB 0.915 0.8 1.715 0.904 SCFsR RGM-C b-ECGF CNDP1 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin Proteinase-3 70 RGM-C CadherinE MMR GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 ERBB1 METAP1 0.92 0.79 1.711 0.892 CK-MB SCFsR NACA HSP90a b-ECGF Prothrombin BLC 71 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.915 0.79 1.706 0.905 Catalase MMP-7 GAPDH, CNDP1 IGFBP-2 FGF-17 CATC liver 72 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C CK-MB 0.883 0.812 1.695 0.897 MMR KPCI MEK1 GAPDH, liver CNDP1 BMP-1 Cadherin-6 73 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES BMP-1 0.887 0.833 1.721 0.907 SCFsR RGM-C VEGF CD30Ligand CathepsinH IGFBP-2 CNDP1 74 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.92 0.798 1.718 0.906 CNDP1 GAPDH, b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase HSP90b BMP-1 liver 75 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 IL-17B 0.911 0.81 1.72 0.898 SCFsR IGFBP-2 CalpainI CNDP1 Prothrombin ApoA-I BMP-1 76 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.906 0.8 1.706 0.901 GAPDH, MMR SCFsR FGF-17 KPCI BMP-1 LGMN liver 77 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C CK-MB 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.905 MMR GAPDH, NACA CNDP1 MK13 MEK1 LRIG3 liver 78 YES CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 MMP-7 0.925 0.802 1.727 0.902 CNDP1 SCFsR MK13 RGM-C Prothrombin IGFBP-2 NAGK 79 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.915 0.8 1.715 0.904 CNDP1 NACA MMP-7 MEK1 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin Proteinase-3 80 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.92 0.79 1.711 0.896 CNDP1 NACA b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase BLC HMG-1 81 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C CK-MB 0.915 0.79 1.706 0.896 CSK GAPDH, b-ECGF IGFBP-2 NACA CNDP1 CATC liver 82 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.901 0.793 1.694 0.9 GAPDH, MMR b-ECGF SCFsR IMB1 BMP-1 Cadherin-6 liver 83 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.901 CNDP1 NACA MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CathepsinH Prothrombin b-FCGF 84 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a CadherinE IGFBP-2 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.901 NACA CK-MB ApoA-I MMR NAGK b-ECGF LRIG3 85 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C YES METAP1 0.92 0.798 1.718 0.901 SCFsR CK-MB BMP-1 CNDP1 GAPDH, liver Catalase NAGK 86 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.92 0.8 1.72 0.9 CNDP1 NACA VEGF IL-17B GAPDH, liver b-ECGF BMP-1 87 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.911 0.795 1.706 0.896 CNDP1 NACA HSP90a ApoA-I MMP-7 GAPDH, liver LGMN 88 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.925 0.79 1.715 0.904 CNDP1 NACA b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase BMP-1 Proteinase-3 89 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.93 0.781 1.711 0.895 CNDP1 NACA b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase BLC CSK 90 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.93 0.795 1.725 0.913 CNDP1 GAPDH, b-ECGF IGFBP-2 C9 MMP-7 Catalase liver 91 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CK-MB 0.92 0.786 1.706 0.894 SCFsR CNDP1 b-ECGF FGF-17 IGFBP-2 GAPDH, liver CATC 92 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB CSK 0.92 0.807 1.727 0.904 MEK1 YES CNDP1 IGFBP-2 NACA MMR CD30Ligand 93 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES RGM-C 0.901 0.793 1.694 0.895 IGFBP-2 MK13 SCFsR KPCI CNDP1 Prothrombin Cadherin-6 94 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 HSP90a CadherinE VEGF 0.92 0.8 1.72 0.901 CK-MB YES BMP-1 NACA ApoA-I Prothrombin CathepsinH 95 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.915 0.807 1.723 0.899 CNDP1 KPCI IGFBP-2 FGF-17 BMP-1 HMG-1 NAGK 96 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CK-MB 0.906 0.81 1.716 0.899 CNDP1 CalpainI b-ECGF BMP-1 GAPDH, liver VEGF HSP90b 97 RGM-C CadherinE KPCI CK-MB ERBB1 METAP1 IL-17B 0.92 0.8 1.72 0.897 SCFsR CNDP1 IGFBP-2 IMB1 MMR YES Catalase 98 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.887 0.817 1.704 0.905 SCFsR GAPDH, Catalase IGFBP-2 BMP-1 b-ECGF LGMN liver 99 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES LRIG3 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.912 RGM-C IGFBP-2 FGF-17 GAPDH, liver SCFsR ApoA-I C9 100 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 YES 0.897 0.817 1.713 0.907 SCFsR GAPDH, Catalase MEK1 IGFBP-2 C9 Proteinase-3 liver Marker Count Marker Count SCFsR 100 MEK1 17 ERBB1 100 Prothrombin 16 CadherinE 100 FGF-17 14 RGM-C 99 C9 11 CK-MB 99 NAGK 10 YES 93 IMB1 10 CNDP1 87 HSP90a 10 GAPDH, liver 69 CalpainI 10 IGFBP-2 67 Proteinase-3 9 METAP1 64 MK13 9 b-ECGF 48 LRIG3 9 BMP-1 45 LGMN 9 CSK 37 IL-17B 9 Catalase 35 HSP90b 9 MMR 32 HMG-1 9 NACA 29 CathepsinH 9 VEGF 26 Cadherin-6 9 ApoA-I 24 CD30Ligand 9 KPCI 21 CATC 9 MMP-7 19 BLC 9

TABLE 14 100 Panels of 15 Benign vs. Cancerous Nodule Biomarkers Biomarkers 1 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 RGM-C CK-MB ApoA-I YES GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 CNDP1 Prothrombin 2 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF HMG-1 IGFBP-2 b-ECGF 3 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CNDP1 b-ECGF ApoA-I Prothrombin 4 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C YES CK-MB BMP-1 CNDP1 GAPDH, liver Catalase VEGF 5 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE CD30Ligand CK-MB NAGK IGFBP-2 Prothrombin CNDP1 6 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA RGM-C b-ECGF CNDP1 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin ApoA-I 7 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C IGFBP-2 KPCI MK13 ApoA-I CNDP1 GAPDH, liver 8 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CathepsinH Catalase b-ECGF 9 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 MMR b-ECGF SCFsR IMB1 BMP-1 FGF-17 10 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA HSP90a ApoA-I MMP-7 Prothrombin b-ECGF 11 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C GAPDH, liver b-ECGF IGFBP-2 NACA CNDP1 LRIG3 12 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF Catalase ApoA-I C9 13 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 MMR SCFsR BMP-1 MK13 KPCI Prothrombin 14 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA b-ECGF MMR GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 BMP-1 15 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB SCFsR IGFBP-2 Catalase FGF-17 b-ECGF YES 16 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA CD30Ligand Prothrombin MMP-7 b-ECGF GAPDH, liver 17 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA b-ECGF MMR GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 BMP-1 18 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA b-ECGF BMP-1 GAPDH, liver Catalase CathepsinH 19 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF Catalase IGFBP-2 FGF-17 20 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA RGM-C b-ECGF CNDP1 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin ApoA-I 21 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C YES CK-MB BMP-1 CNDP1 GAPDH, liver Catalase ApoA-I 22 IL-17B CadherinE ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB RGM-C GAPDH, liver MMP-7 IGFBP-2 NACA ApoA-I MK13 23 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE GAPDH, liver b-ECGF BMP-1 MEK1 MMR IGFBP-2 24 CK-MB MMR GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C METAP1 YES ERBB1 b-ECGF Catalase ApoA-I BMP-1 25 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C GAPDH, liver b-ECGF IGFBP-2 NACA CNDP1 LRIG3 26 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA b-ECGF MMR GAPDH, liver BMP-1 ApoA-I 27 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF Catalase IGFBP-2 BLC 28 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CNDP1 b-ECGF NACA BMP-1 29 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CadherinE RGM-C MMR b-ECGF CalpainI ApoA-I BMP-1 YES GAPDH, liver 30 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 GAPDH, liver Catalase IGFBP-2 BMP-1 ApoA-I VEGF 31 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA CathepsinH b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase MEK1 32 CadherinE IGFBP-2 METAP1 ERBB1 MK13 CK-MB RGM-C NACA YES CNDP1 HSP90a ApoA-I 33 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C YES CK-MB HSP90a MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CNDP1 ApoA-I 34 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE GAPDH, liver b-ECGF BMP-1 IL-17B CalpainI ApoA-I 35 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 MMR SCFsR BMP-1 MK13 IMB1 FGF-17 36 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C GAPDH, liver MMR Catalase ApoA-I MEK1 C9 37 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE KPCI MMR MK13 Prothrombin NAGK MEK1 38 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C GAPDH, liver NACA CNDP1 MK13 MEK1 LRIG3 39 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF Catalase IGFBP-2 HMG-1 40 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CathepsinH Prothrombin C9 41 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CNDP1 b-ECGF Prothrombin ApoA-I CD30Ligand NAGK 42 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA b-ECGF MMR GAPDH, liver BMP-1 Prothrombin 43 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C YES CK-MB HSP90a MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CNDP1 ApoA-I 44 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE GAPDH, liver b-ECGF BMP-1 IL-17B IMB1 ApoA-I 45 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C b-ECGF CalpainI MMR BMP-1 GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 46 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CNDP1 b-ECGF Catalase ApoA-I IGFBP-2 RGM-C 47 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES FGF-17 RGM-C CNDP1 IGFBP-2 Catalase GAPDH, liver 48 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 MMR b-ECGF SCFsR IMB1 BMP-1 CalpainI 49 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 GAPDH, liver b-ECGF CalpainI BMP-1 CD30Ligand ApoA-I 50 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 GAPDH, liver b-ECGF CalpainI BMP-1 C9 MMR 51 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA MMP-7 NAGK Catalase Prothrombin CathepsinH 52 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 GAPDH, liver Catalase IGFBP-2 BMP-1 ApoA-I HMG-1 53 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR YES ERBB1 RGM-C BMP-1 CalpainI b-ECGF 54 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C b-ECGF CalpainI MMR BMP-1 GAPDH, liver IL-17B 55 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CNDP1 b-ECGF Catalase ApoA-I IGFBP-2 RGM-C 56 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES BMP-1 SCFsR CNDP1 VEGF CalpainI MK13 57 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE GAPDH, liver b-ECGF IGFBP-2 C9 Catalase ApoA-I 58 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CNDP1 b-ECGF Catalase ApoA-I IGFBP-2 RGM-C 59 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C GAPDH, liver b-ECGF IGFBP-2 NACA CNDP1 ApoA-I 60 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB YES CNDP1 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin NACA CD30Ligand 61 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 MMR b-ECGF SCFsR IMB1 BMP-1 CalpainI 62 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR YES ERBB1 RGM-C BMP-1 GAPDH, liver FGF-17 63 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES BMP-1 SCFsR KPCI Catalase b-ECGF CNDP1 64 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES BMP-1 SCFsR KPCI IGFBP-2 CNDP1 HSP90a 65 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE GAPDH, liver b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase HSP90b BMP-1 66 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA VEGF IL-17B BMP-1 GAPDH, liver ApoA-I 67 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 GAPDH, liver FGF-17 IGFBP-2 HSP90a ApoA-I C9 68 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 MMR b-ECGF SCFsR IMB1 BMP-1 CalpainI 69 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA MMP-7 NAGK b-ECGF IGFBP-2 MEK1 70 YES CK-MB ERBB1 CadherinE GAPDH, liver VEGF CNDP1 MEK1 SCFsR BMP-1 IGFBP-2 Proteinase-3 71 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB IGFBP-2 CNDP1 YES KPCI MK13 ApoA-I 72 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C GAPDH, liver b-ECGF IGFBP-2 NACA CNDP1 FGF-17 73 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 MMR b-ECGF SCFsR IMB1 BMP-1 CD30Ligand 74 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C GAPDH, liver NACA CNDP1 MK13 MEK1 LRIG3 75 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA IGFBP-2 MEK1 Catalase ApoA-I Prothrombin 76 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C GAPDH, liver MMR IGFBP-2 ApoA-I BMP-1 HMG-1 77 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE GAPDH, liver b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase HSP90b BMP-1 78 SCFsR ERBB1 CadherinE METAP1 IMB1 RGM-C VEGF YES IL-17B BMP-1 GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 79 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF Catalase IGFBP-2 HMG-1 80 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C IGFBP-2 KPCI MK13 CNDP1 Prothrombin NAGK 81 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 GAPDH, liver Catalase MEK1 IGFBP-2 C9 Proteinase-3 82 MMR ERBB1 GAPDH, liver CadherinE RGM-C CK-MB FGF-17 ApoA-I YES b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 83 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE HMG-1 KPCI IGFBP-2 CNDP1 GAPDH, liver MMR 84 CSK CadherinE CK-MB GAPDH, liver ERBB1 YES RGM-C CNDP1 VEGF Catalase IGFBP-2 NACA 85 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C GAPDH, liver NACA CNDP1 MK13 BMP-1 ApoA-I 86 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA b-ECGF BMP-1 GAPDH, liver Catalase CathepsinH 87 CK-MB SCFsR METAP1 CadherinE ERBB1 IGFBP-2 HSP90a CNDP1 ApoA-I GAPDH, liver b-ECGF MMP-7 88 b-ECGF CadherinE ERBB1 HSP90b RGM-C YES CK-MB BMP-1 CNDP1 GAPDH, liver Catalase NAGK 89 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE NACA VEGF IL-17B GAPDH, liver b-ECGF MMP-7 90 RGM-C CK-MB ERBB1 CSK CadherinE CNDP1 GAPDH, liver b-ECGF CalpainI BMP-1 C9 MMR 91 CNDP1 ERBB1 CadherinE KPCI SCFsR RGM-C b-ECGF CalpainI MMR BMP-1 GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 92 MMR SCFsR CadherinE CalpainI ERBB1 RGM-C GAPDH, liver b-ECGF IGFBP-2 NACA CNDP1 FGF-17 93 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE MMP-7 GAPDH, liver CNDP1 b-ECGF ApoA-I IGFBP-2 94 MMR ERBB1 METAP1 CK-MB CadherinE YES FGF-17 IGFBP-2 CNDP1 SCFsR MK13 NACA 95 YES CadherinE ERBB1 CSK SCFsR RGM-C GAPDH, liver NACA CNDP1 MK13 MEK1 CD30Ligand 96 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB IGFBP-2 CNDP1 YES KPCI Prothrombin BMP-1 97 CK-MB IGFBP-2 KPCI CadherinE METAP1 SCFsR YES ERBB1 RGM-C BMP-1 ApoA-I CathepsinH 98 RGM-C CadherinE ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CK-MB IGFBP-2 CNDP1 YES HSP90a BMP-1 VEGF 99 RGM-C METAP1 SCFsR ERBB1 YES CadherinE GAPDH, liver b-ECGF IGFBP-2 Catalase HSP90b MMP-7 100 MMP-7 ERBB1 YES METAP1 CadherinE NACA CNDP1 b-ECGF Prothrombin ApoA-I RGM-C GAPDH, liver Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 MMP-7 SCFsR 0.93 0.805 1.734 0.914 Catalase 2 BMP-1 SCFsR 0.883 0.829 1.711 0.9 BLC 3 CK-MB Catalase 0.93 0.798 1.727 0.912 C9 4 METAP1 SCFsR 0.92 0.79 1.711 0.898 CATC 5 MMP-7 NACA 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.9 GAPDH, liver 6 CK-MB SCFsR 0.911 0.795 1.706 0.899 Cadherin-6 7 CK-MB CSK 0.911 0.821 1.732 0.906 BMP-1 8 CK-MB CNDP1 0.93 0.802 1.732 0.901 Prothrombin 9 YES GAPDH, liver 0.93 0.8 1.73 0.907 ApoA-I 10 CK-MB CNDP1 0.934 0.798 1.732 0.9 NAGK 11 CK-MB CSK 0.925 0.805 1.73 0.899 IL-17B 12 BMP-1 SCFsR 0.897 0.819 1.716 0.907 LGMN 13 YES GAPDH, liver 0.915 0.814 1.73 0.904 MEK1 14 CK-MB CNDP1 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.904 Proteinase-3 15 METAP1 C9 0.906 0.805 1.711 0.899 BLC 16 CK-MB CNDP1 0.925 0.786 1.711 0.895 CATC 17 CK-MB CNDP1 0.911 0.795 1.706 0.899 Cadherin-6 18 CK-MB CNDP1 0.93 0.795 1.725 0.902 ApoA-I 19 BMP-1 SCFsR 0.906 0.819 1.725 0.91 HMG-1 20 CK-MB SCFsR 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.905 HSP90a 21 METAP1 SCFsR 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.908 IGFBP-2 22 YES SCFsR 0.93 0.798 1.727 0.901 MEK1 23 CK-MB CNDP1 0.92 0.807 1.727 0.906 IMB1 24 IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.915 0.798 1.713 0.907 LGMN 25 CK-MB CSK 0.92 0.807 1.727 0.901 MEK1 26 CK-MB CNDP1 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.905 Proteinase-3 27 BMP-1 SCFsR 0.892 0.817 1.709 0.903 HMG-1 28 CK-MB Catalase 0.925 0.783 1.708 0.899 CATC 29 CNDP1 SCFsR 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.897 CD30Ligand 30 YES SCFsR 0.883 0.819 1.702 0.903 Cadherin-6 31 CK-MB CNDP1 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.901 GAPDH, liver 32 SCFsR MEK1 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.902 Prothrombin 33 METAP1 SCFsR 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.905 LRIG3 34 CK-MB CNDP1 0.911 0.814 1.725 0.904 VEGF 35 YES GAPDH, liver 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.907 Prothrombin 36 IGFBP-2 CK-MB 0.897 0.814 1.711 0.903 LGMN 37 CK-MB CNDP1 0.92 0.81 1.73 0.901 IGFBP-2 38 CK-MB MMR 0.901 0.817 1.718 0.902 Proteinase-3 39 BMP-1 SCFsR 0.892 0.817 1.709 0.903 BLC 40 CK-MB CNDP1 0.925 0.783 1.708 0.898 CATC 41 CK-MB SCFsR 0.93 0.795 1.725 0.902 RGM-C 42 CK-MB CNDP1 0.911 0.79 1.701 0.896 Cadherin-6 43 METAP1 SCFsR 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.9 CSK 44 CK-MB CNDP1 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.902 VEGF 45 CK-MB CSK 0.906 0.805 1.711 0.898 LGMN 46 CK-MB SCFsR 0.915 0.802 1.718 0.906 Proteinase-3 47 SCFsR KPCI 0.915 0.793 1.708 0.897 BLC 48 YES GAPDH, liver 0.911 0.795 1.706 0.896 CATC 49 YES SCFsR 0.906 0.817 1.723 0.907 VEGF 50 YES SCFsR 0.892 0.807 1.699 0.9 Cadherin-6 51 CK-MB CNDP1 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.903 ApoA-I 52 YES SCFsR 0.915 0.81 1.725 0.914 VEGF 53 CNDP1 Catalase 0.906 0.812 1.718 0.895 HSP90b 54 CK-MB CSK 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.9 IGFBP-2 55 CK-MB SCFsR 0.92 0.79 1.711 0.903 LGMN 56 RGM-C GAPDH, liver 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.908 LRIG3 57 CK-MB CNDP1 0.915 0.802 1.718 0.909 Proteinase-3 58 CK-MB SCFsR 0.92 0.788 1.708 0.9 BLC 59 CK-MB CSK 0.915 0.79 1.706 0.897 CATC 60 CSK MEK1 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.905 MMP-7 61 YES GAPDH, liver 0.897 0.802 1.699 0.896 Cadherin-6 62 CNDP1 Catalase 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.902 CathepsinH 63 RGM-C GAPDH, liver 0.92 0.805 1.725 0.901 HMG-1 64 RGM-C GAPDH, liver 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.896 IMB1 65 CK-MB CNDP1 0.911 0.807 1.718 0.901 CalpainI 66 CK-MB CNDP1 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.901 b-ECGF 67 YES SCFsR 0.892 0.817 1.709 0.905 LGMN 68 YES GAPDH, liver 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.903 LRIG3 69 CK-MB CNDP1 0.925 0.802 1.727 0.902 Prothrombin 70 RGM-C CSK 0.883 0.833 1.716 0.904 MK13 71 CSK MMR 0.897 0.81 1.706 0.9 BLC 72 CK-MB CSK 0.915 0.79 1.706 0.895 CATC 73 YES GAPDH, liver 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.907 ApoA-I 74 CK-MB MMR 0.883 0.814 1.697 0.896 Cadherin-6 75 CK-MB CNDP1 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.903 CathepsinH 76 CK-MB VEGF 0.897 0.826 1.723 0.914 CNDP1 77 CK-MB CNDP1 0.911 0.807 1.718 0.905 MEK1 78 CNDP1 CK-MB 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.905 ApoA-I 79 BMP-1 SCFsR 0.892 0.817 1.709 0.904 LGMN 80 CK-MB CSK 0.911 0.814 1.725 0.902 ApoA-I 81 YES SCFsR 0.897 0.819 1.716 0.908 ApoA-I 82 METAP1 SCFsR 0.901 0.805 1.706 0.902 BLC 83 CK-MB BMP-1 0.915 0.79 1.706 0.896 CATC 84 BMP-1 SCFsR 0.92 0.802 1.723 0.905 CD30Ligand 85 CK-MB MMR 0.892 0.805 1.697 0.899 Cadherin-6 86 CK-MB CNDP1 0.925 0.798 1.723 0.902 VEGF 87 YES RGM-C 0.93 0.793 1.722 0.911 Prothrombin 88 METAP1 SCFsR 0.915 0.802 1.718 0.902 VEGF 89 CK-MB CNDP1 0.915 0.805 1.72 0.899 HMG-1 90 YES SCFsR 0.897 0.812 1.709 0.904 LGMN 91 CK-MB CSK 0.911 0.812 1.723 0.902 LRIG3 92 CK-MB CSK 0.901 0.814 1.716 0.9 Proteinase-3 93 CK-MB Catalase 0.901 0.805 1.706 0.907 BLC 94 RGM-C GAPDH, liver 0.911 0.793 1.704 0.898 CATC 95 CK-MB MMR 0.906 0.814 1.72 0.905 IGFBP-2 96 CSK MMR 0.897 0.8 1.697 0.898 Cadherin-6 97 CNDP1 Catalase 0.911 0.81 1.72 0.902 CalpainI 98 CSK MMR 0.897 0.824 1.721 0.911 ApoA-I 99 CK-MB CNDP1 0.92 0.798 1.718 0.906 HMG-1 100 CK-MB SCFsR 0.92 0.8 1.72 0.902 IL-17B Marker Count Marker Count SCFsR 100 CalpainI 22 RGM-C 100 MEK1 17 ERBB1 100 KPCI 17 CadherinE 100 MK13 15 CK-MB  99 HMG-1 11 CNDP1  95 FGF-17 11 YES  90 IMB1 10 GAPDH, liver  85 C9 10 IGFBP-2  62 IL-17B  9 b-ECGF  60 HSP90b  9 METAP1  57 HSP90a  9 BMP-1  54 CathepsinH  9 ApoA-I  46 Cadherin-6  9 MMR  44 CD30Ligand  9 CSK  44 CATC  9 NACA  39 BLC  9 Catalase  37 Proteinase-3  8 MMP-7  25 NAGK  8 Prothrombin  24 LRIG3  8 VEGF  22 LGMN  8

TABLE 15 100 Panels of 3 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 CK-MB C9 AMPM2 0.789 0.812 1.601 0.852 2 BLC SCFsR CyclophilinA 0.77 0.824 1.594 0.859 3 PTN BMP-1 HSP90a 0.784 0.821 1.605 0.875 4 BTK Kallikrein7 ERBB1 0.803 0.821 1.624 0.862 5 C1s CyclophilinA ERBB1 0.789 0.798 1.587 0.862 6 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.779 0.83 1.609 0.87 7 CDK5-p35 HSP90a ERBB1 0.793 0.804 1.597 0.876 8 PTN CNDP1 HSP90a 0.77 0.835 1.605 0.876 9 Kallikrein7 CSK ERBB1 0.808 0.804 1.611 0.862 10 Contactin-5 PTN HSP90a 0.789 0.801 1.59 0.869 11 sL-Selectin Endostatin HSP90a 0.798 0.81 1.608 0.851 12 FGF-17 HSP90a ERBB1 0.798 0.804 1.602 0.868 13 FYN PTN HSP90a 0.812 0.79 1.602 0.853 14 IGFBP-2 ERBB1 RAC1 0.779 0.841 1.62 0.875 15 IL-15Ra PTN HSP90a 0.793 0.812 1.606 0.866 16 CK-MB ERBB1 KPCI 0.803 0.81 1.612 0.853 17 LDH-H1 PTN HSP90a 0.793 0.807 1.6 0.853 18 PTN LRIG3 HSP90a 0.798 0.83 1.628 0.88 19 MEK1 PTN HSP90a 0.775 0.804 1.579 0.847 20 MIP-5 GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.784 0.804 1.588 0.855 21 Midkine PTN HSP90a 0.793 0.793 1.586 0.858 22 CK-MB PARC HSP90a 0.812 0.815 1.628 0.864 23 Prothrombin PTN HSP90a 0.836 0.801 1.637 0.865 24 Renin PTN HSP90a 0.779 0.812 1.592 0.866 25 CK-MB TCTP ERBB1 0.817 0.793 1.61 0.869 26 UBE2N PTN IGFBP-2 0.793 0.807 1.6 0.867 27 Ubiquitin + 1 PTN CD30Ligand 0.845 0.744 1.589 0.852 28 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 AMPM2 0.775 0.818 1.593 0.835 29 BLC C9 AMPM2 0.756 0.818 1.574 0.849 30 BTK IGFBP-2 ERBB1 0.77 0.827 1.597 0.863 31 C1s UBE2N PTN 0.798 0.776 1.574 0.864 32 CDK5-p35 KPCI ERBB1 0.779 0.815 1.595 0.86 33 CNDP1 SCFsR HSP90a 0.784 0.81 1.594 0.853 34 CK-MB ERBB1 CSK 0.808 0.795 1.603 0.87 35 Contactin-5 CK-MB AMPM2 0.746 0.83 1.576 0.84 36 Endostatin PTN HSP90a 0.779 0.821 1.6 0.872 37 FGF-17 PTN HSP90a 0.812 0.79 1.602 0.861 38 IL-15Ra PTN RAC1 0.817 0.787 1.604 0.858 39 LDH-H1 BTK ERBB1 0.784 0.807 1.591 0.857 40 CK-MB LRIG3 HSP90a 0.817 0.81 1.627 0.865 41 MEK1 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 0.751 0.824 1.575 0.84 42 PTN GAPDH, liver MIP-5 0.784 0.798 1.582 0.857 43 PARC RAC1 ERBB1 0.793 0.827 1.62 0.867 44 Prothrombin Endostatin HSP90a 0.808 0.784 1.592 0.854 45 Kallikrein7 TCTP ERBB1 0.822 0.787 1.609 0.862 46 Ubiquitin + 1 PTN IGFBP-2 0.784 0.787 1.571 0.856 47 sL-Selectin PTN HSP90a 0.798 0.801 1.599 0.87 48 TCTP BMP-1 ERBB1 0.803 0.795 1.598 0.862 49 C1s RAC1 PTN 0.808 0.764 1.572 0.859 50 C9 ERBB1 CyclophilinA 0.798 0.818 1.616 0.872 51 PTN GAPDH, liver CD30Ligand 0.803 0.801 1.604 0.861 52 CDK5-p35 PTN HSP90a 0.793 0.801 1.595 0.863 53 CNDP1 SCFsR KPCI 0.789 0.804 1.593 0.854 54 CSK IGFBP-2 PTN 0.784 0.812 1.597 0.856 55 FGF-17 GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.775 0.815 1.59 0.864 56 CK-MB IL-15Ra RAC1 0.793 0.798 1.592 0.85 57 LDH-H1 CSK ERBB1 0.789 0.793 1.581 0.856 58 LRIG3 SCFsR HSP90a 0.808 0.787 1.594 0.863 59 MEK1 RAC1 ERBB1 0.77 0.804 1.574 0.86 60 MIP-5 UBE2N PTN 0.793 0.784 1.578 0.855 61 PARC CyclophilinA ERBB1 0.775 0.821 1.596 0.869 62 Prothrombin ERBB1 HSP90a 0.784 0.798 1.582 0.87 63 sL-Selectin CyclophilinA ERBB1 0.789 0.798 1.587 0.865 64 SCFsR BMP-1 HSP90a 0.789 0.807 1.596 0.855 65 BTK CK-MB ERBB1 0.765 0.827 1.592 0.867 66 C9 ERBB1 RAC1 0.779 0.821 1.6 0.869 67 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA ERBB1 0.789 0.798 1.587 0.866 68 CDK5-p35 RAC1 ERBB1 0.803 0.79 1.593 0.87 69 CNDP1 ERBB1 HSP90a 0.77 0.812 1.582 0.862 70 CK-MB Endostatin HSP90a 0.789 0.807 1.596 0.856 71 FGF-17 RAC1 ERBB1 0.789 0.798 1.587 0.868 72 BTK IL-15Ra PTN 0.793 0.795 1.589 0.858 73 SCFsR ERBB1 KPCI 0.789 0.815 1.604 0.862 74 LDH-H1 LRIG3 ERBB1 0.765 0.815 1.581 0.849 75 MIP-5 RAC1 ERBB1 0.775 0.801 1.576 0.865 76 PARC RAC1 BMP-1 0.765 0.83 1.595 0.867 77 Prothrombin BMP-1 HSP90a 0.789 0.793 1.581 0.85 78 PTN ERBB1 TCTP 0.798 0.793 1.591 0.871 79 UBE2N IGFBP-2 ERBB1 0.77 0.83 1.599 0.872 80 sL-Selectin RAC1 ERBB1 0.779 0.804 1.583 0.862 81 PTN IGFBP-2 AMPM2 0.775 0.818 1.593 0.856 82 SCFsR C9 KPCI 0.789 0.81 1.598 0.861 83 CD30Ligand KPCI ERBB1 0.765 0.818 1.583 0.867 84 CDK5-p35 BTK ERBB1 0.793 0.79 1.583 0.862 85 CK-MB CNDP1 AMPM2 0.765 0.81 1.575 0.842 86 CK-MB C9 CSK 0.793 0.801 1.595 0.857 87 Endostatin LRIG3 HSP90a 0.798 0.793 1.591 0.859 88 FGF-17 Endostatin HSP90a 0.793 0.793 1.586 0.853 89 PTN LRIG3 IL-15Ra 0.775 0.81 1.584 0.848 90 LDH-H1 CyclophilinA ERBB1 0.775 0.804 1.579 0.858 91 MIP-5 RAC1 PTN 0.817 0.759 1.575 0.866 92 PARC CSK ERBB1 0.775 0.818 1.593 0.862 93 Prothrombin CyclophilinA ERBB1 0.817 0.764 1.581 0.851 94 IGFBP-2 TCTP PTN 0.803 0.787 1.59 0.858 95 UBE2N PTN ERBB1 0.765 0.824 1.589 0.87 96 sL-Selectin BMP-1 AMPM2 0.761 0.821 1.582 0.847 97 CD30Ligand PARC GAPDH, liver 0.742 0.841 1.583 0.846 98 CDK5-p35 AMPM2 ERBB1 0.756 0.824 1.58 0.864 99 CNDP1 BMP-1 KPCI 0.77 0.804 1.574 0.848 100 FGF-17 UBE2N ERBB1 0.775 0.807 1.581 0.865 Marker Count Marker Count ERBB1 45 CD30Ligand 6 PTN 32 C9 6 HSP90a 30 BTK 6 RAC1 13 sL-Selectin 5 CK-MB 12 TCTP 5 IGFBP-2  8 Prothrornbin 5 CyclophilinA  8 MIP-5 5 BMP-1  8 LDH-H1 5 AMPM2  8 Kallikrein7 5 SCFsR  7 IL-15Ra 5 KIPCI  7 MEK1 3 UBE2N  6 C1s 3 PARC  6 Ubiquitin + 1 2 LRIG3  6 Contactin-5 2 GAPDH, liver  6 BLC 2 FGF-17  6 Renin 1 Endostatin  6 Midkine 1 CSK  6 FYN 1 CNDP1  6 CDK5-p35  6

TABLE 16 100 Panels of 4 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 Kallikrein7 SCFsR AMPM2 C9 0.826 0.827 1.653 0.874 2 CK-MB BLC CSK ERBB1 0.822 0.824 1.645 0.87 3 CNDP1 BMP-1 RAC1 PTN 0.822 0.835 1.657 0.886 4 BTK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB 0.822 0.827 1.648 0.872 5 IGFBP-2 SCFsR RAC1 C1s 0.812 0.844 1.656 0.886 6 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN GAPDH, liver 0.826 0.827 1.653 0.885 7 CDK5-p35 SCFsR HSP90a ERBB1 0.817 0.844 1.661 0.889 8 Contactin-5 CSK CK-MB ERBB1 0.812 0.832 1.645 0.871 9 IGFBP-2 CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 0.826 0.832 1.659 0.882 10 FGF-17 Kallikrein7 HSP90a Endostatin 0.822 0.824 1.645 0.871 11 CK-MB PARC HSP90a FYN 0.822 0.807 1.628 0.864 12 IL-15Ra CyclophilinA C9 SCFsR 0.812 0.835 1.647 0.881 13 LDH-H1 PTN ERBB1 HSP90a 0.793 0.852 1.646 0.882 14 LRIG3 SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.84 0.835 1.676 0.896 15 LDH-H1 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 MEK1 0.817 0.815 1.632 0.857 16 MIP-5 PTN ERBB1 RAC1 0.817 0.83 1.646 0.89 17 Midkine PTN HSP90a IGFBP-2 0.798 0.838 1.636 0.877 18 PTN CNDP1 HSP90a Prothrombin 0.826 0.827 1.653 0.88 19 Renin Kallikrein7 HSP90a LRIG3 0.84 0.81 1.65 0.866 20 CK-MB PARC TCTP ERBB1 0.812 0.83 1.642 0.882 21 UBE2N Kallikrein7 ERBB1 IGFBP-2 0.812 0.838 1.65 0.883 22 Ubiquitin + 1 BTK ERBB1 PARC 0.803 0.818 1.621 0.874 23 sL-Selectin CyclophilinA ERBB1 PTN 0.817 0.835 1.652 0.879 24 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 AMPM2 SCFsR 0.831 0.821 1.652 0.873 25 BLC C9 CyclophilinA SCFsR 0.793 0.849 1.643 0.882 26 PARC BMP-1 CSK Kallikrein7 0.808 0.841 1.648 0.866 27 C1s IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 0.822 0.818 1.64 0.894 28 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 0.822 0.83 1.651 0.887 29 CDK5-p35 Kallikrein7 HSP90a ERBB1 0.831 0.818 1.649 0.885 30 Contactin-5 CyclophilinA ERBB1 CK-MB 0.789 0.849 1.638 0.874 31 Endostatin GAPDH, liver HSP90a CK-MB 0.817 0.824 1.641 0.866 32 FGF-17 SCFsR ERBB1 CyclophilinA 0.803 0.838 1.641 0.888 33 FYN GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CD30Ligand 0.798 0.827 1.625 0.871 34 IL-15Ra sL-Selectin HSP90a PTN 0.803 0.838 1.641 0.876 35 BTK KPCI SCFsR ERBB1 0.826 0.821 1.647 0.877 36 MEK1 HSP90a ERBB1 PTN 0.77 0.855 1.625 0.875 37 MIP-5 KPCI PTN Kallikrein7 0.826 0.818 1.644 0.86 38 Midkine CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 0.817 0.807 1.624 0.869 39 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN 0.822 0.821 1.643 0.887 40 PARC PTN HSP90a Renin 0.817 0.821 1.638 0.879 41 BLC ERBB1 TCTP CK-MB 0.822 0.818 1.64 0.87 42 PTN SCFsR UBE2N IGFBP-2 0.817 0.83 1.646 0.89 43 CDK5-p35 Ubiquitin + 1 ERBB1 IGFBP-2 0.793 0.827 1.62 0.879 44 sL-Selectin IGFBP-2 AMPM2 PTN 0.826 0.818 1.644 0.865 45 BMP-1 ERBB1 RAC1 Kallikrein7 0.812 0.832 1.645 0.878 46 C1s C9 CyclophilinA SCFsR 0.822 0.815 1.637 0.878 47 Kallikrein7 CNDP1 HSP90a ERBB1 0.812 0.841 1.653 0.872 48 Contactin-5 CK-MB HSP90a GAPDH, liver 0.812 0.824 1.636 0.86 49 Endostatin Kallikrein7 HSP90a CK-MB 0.822 0.815 1.637 0.874 50 FGF-17 Kallikrein7 HSP90a ERBB1 0.826 0.81 1.636 0.881 51 FYN CK-MB ERBB1 KPCI 0.808 0.815 1.623 0.857 52 IL-15Ra CyclophilinA PTN ERBB1 0.793 0.841 1.634 0.885 53 LDH-H1 PTN ERBB1 BTK 0.808 0.835 1.643 0.878 54 MEK1 HSP90a ERBB1 Kallikrein7 0.803 0.818 1.621 0.864 55 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 MIP-5 0.817 0.824 1.641 0.875 56 Midkine ERBB1 HSP90a PTN 0.77 0.852 1.622 0.886 57 Prothrombin LRIG3 HSP90a PTN 0.826 0.815 1.642 0.881 58 Renin Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN 0.803 0.83 1.632 0.879 59 PTN ERBB1 TCTP Kallikrein7 0.812 0.827 1.639 0.881 60 PTN ERBB1 IGFBP-2 UBE2N 0.793 0.849 1.643 0.887 61 Ubiquitin + 1 PTN IGFBP-2 sL-Selectin 0.779 0.838 1.617 0.861 62 CDK5-p35 SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 0.803 0.835 1.638 0.875 63 BLC SCFsR KPCI IGFBP-2 0.812 0.815 1.628 0.871 64 BMP-1 ERBB1 RAC1 CDK5-p35 0.812 0.832 1.645 0.884 65 C1s PTN ERBB1 HSP90a 0.784 0.852 1.636 0.887 66 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 RAC1 ERBB1 0.836 0.812 1.648 0.886 67 Kallikrein7 CNDP1 HSP90a PTN 0.798 0.852 1.65 0.885 68 CK-MB PARC CSK ERBB1 0.817 0.827 1.644 0.884 69 Contactin-5 BTK ERBB1 CK-MB 0.775 0.861 1.635 0.868 70 Endostatin Kallikrein7 RAC1 CD30Ligand 0.836 0.801 1.637 0.873 71 FGF-17 SCFsR ERBB1 UBE2N 0.793 0.841 1.634 0.886 72 FYN KPCI ERBB1 C9 0.808 0.815 1.623 0.861 73 IL-15Ra CSK PTN IGFBP-2 0.808 0.827 1.634 0.87 74 LDH-H1 PTN ERBB1 CyclophilinA 0.812 0.827 1.639 0.876 75 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 MEK1 0.793 0.824 1.617 0.861 76 MIP-5 UBE2N ERBB1 PTN 0.784 0.847 1.631 0.883 77 Midkine SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.798 0.824 1.622 0.877 78 Prothrombin CK-MB HSP90a PARC 0.831 0.81 1.641 0.881 79 Renin PTN HSP90a GAPDH, liver 0.826 0.804 1.63 0.869 80 GAPDH, liver TCTP ERBB1 IGFBP-2 0.817 0.818 1.635 0.872 81 Ubiquitin + 1 BTK ERBB1 IGFBP-2 0.812 0.804 1.616 0.875 82 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 0.803 0.832 1.635 0.879 83 BLC SCFsR TCTP ERBB1 0.817 0.81 1.627 0.873 84 CDK5-p35 SCFsR HSP90a BMP-1 0.817 0.824 1.641 0.872 85 C1s Kallikrein7 ERBB1 CyclophilinA 0.817 0.818 1.635 0.875 86 sL-Selectin CNDP1 HSP90a PTN 0.798 0.844 1.642 0.881 87 IGFBP-2 ERBB1 RAC1 Contactin-5 0.779 0.852 1.632 0.879 88 Endostatin LRIG3 HSP90a PTN 0.798 0.838 1.636 0.892 89 FGF-17 Endostatin HSP90a Prothrombin 0.831 0.801 1.632 0.865 90 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 HSP90a FYN 0.808 0.812 1.62 0.872 91 IL-15Ra LRIG3 HSP90a PTN 0.798 0.835 1.633 0.886 92 SCFsR ERBB1 LDH-H1 HSP90a 0.789 0.847 1.635 0.869 93 MEK1 CyclophilinA ERBB1 PTN 0.798 0.818 1.616 0.866 94 BTK ERBB1 MIP-5 PTN 0.789 0.841 1.63 0.879 95 Midkine RAC1 ERBB1 PARC 0.798 0.821 1.619 0.866 96 IGFBP-2 HSP90a Renin PTN 0.793 0.835 1.629 0.885 97 PTN ERBB1 IGFBP-2 Ubiquitin + 1 0.765 0.849 1.615 0.876 98 PTN LRIG3 AMPM2 CD30Ligand 0.798 0.835 1.633 0.868 99 BLC SCFsR TCTP C9 0.817 0.807 1.624 0.876 100 UBE2N PARC SCFsR BMP-1 0.793 0.844 1.637 0.88 Marker Count Marker Count ERBB1 51 BMP-1 6 PTN 42 BLC 6 HSP90a 35 AMPM2 6 IGFBP-2 24 sL-Selectin 5 SCFsR 22 Ubiquitin + 1 5 Kallikrein7 22 Renin 5 CK-MB 14 Prothrombin 5 CyclophilinA 12 Midkine 5 RAC1 11 MIP-5 5 PARC  9 MEK1 5 GAPDH, liver  8 LDH-H1 5 LRIG3  7 IL-15Ra 5 C9  7 FYN 5 BTK  7 FGF-17 5 UBE2N  6 Contactin-5 5 TCTP  6 CSK 5 KPCI  6 CNDP1 5 Endostatin  6 C1s 5 CDK5-p35  6 CD30Ligand  6

TABLE 17 100 Panels of 5 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN sL-Selectin AMPM2 0.845 0.83 1.675 0.883 2 KPCI TCTP ERBB1 CK-MB BLC 0.84 0.821 1.661 0.877 3 CNDP1 BMP-1 RAC1 PTN LRIG3 0.826 0.855 1.681 0.891 4 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN BTK 0.854 0.838 1.693 0.899 5 UBE2N IGFBP-2 SCFsR C1s PTN 0.822 0.861 1.682 0.906 6 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 C9 0.845 0.838 1.683 0.889 7 CDK5-p35 KPCI ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR 0.84 0.841 1.681 0.886 8 PARC CSK ERBB1 Kallikrein7 CK-MB 0.836 0.852 1.688 0.897 9 Contactin-5 CSK ERBB1 PARC CK-MB 0.812 0.861 1.673 0.882 10 Endostatin LRIG3 HSP90a CK-MB PTN 0.812 0.872 1.684 0.903 11 IGFBP-2 SCFsR RAC1 ERBB1 FGF-17 0.812 0.866 1.679 0.9 12 Kallikrein7 RAC1 IGFBP-2 ERBB1 FYN 0.84 0.83 1.67 0.886 13 Prothrombin PTN HSP90a IL-15Ra sL-Selectin 0.85 0.827 1.676 0.887 14 LDH-H1 CK-MB ERBB1 CyclophilinA Kallikrein7 0.85 0.835 1.685 0.888 15 MEK1 HSP90a ERBB1 Kallikrein7 PTN 0.817 0.849 1.666 0.887 16 MIP-5 SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN 0.826 0.847 1.673 0.898 17 Midkine ERBB1 HSP90a Kallikrein7 CK-MB 0.817 0.852 1.669 0.886 18 CK-MB Kallikrein7 HSP90a LRIG3 Renin 0.84 0.827 1.667 0.885 19 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN sL-Selectin Ubiquitin + 1 0.84 0.849 1.69 0.889 20 CSK AMPM2 IGFBP-2 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 0.84 0.832 1.673 0.876 21 BLC SCFsR CSK ERBB1 KPCI 0.84 0.818 1.659 0.883 22 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 BMP-1 0.836 0.835 1.671 0.875 23 BTK HSP90a ERBB1 PTN SCFsR 0.84 0.844 1.684 0.902 24 C1s PTN ERBB1 UBF2N LDH-H1 0.826 0.855 1.681 0.891 25 CDK5-p35 CK-MB HSP90a ERBB1 Kallikrein7 0.831 0.849 1.68 0.898 26 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 HSP90a PTN CNDP1 0.826 0.852 1.679 0.893 27 Contactin-5 CK-MB HSP90a LRIG3 PTN 0.808 0.861 1.668 0.9 28 SCFsR C9 CSK Kallikrein7 Endostatin 0.859 0.821 1.68 0.89 29 PTN ERBB1 IGFBP-2 UBE2N FGF-17 0.822 0.852 1.674 0.892 30 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 HSP90a FYN CK-MB 0.831 0.835 1.666 0.889 31 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN CD30Ligand 0.836 0.852 1.688 0.906 32 IL-15Ra CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 CK-MB 0.808 0.866 1.674 0.887 33 PARC GAPDH, liver SCFsR BMP-1 MEK1 0.803 0.858 1.661 0.875 34 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC MIP-5 0.817 0.855 1.672 0.894 35 Midkine SCFsR HSP90a PTN LRIG3 0.831 0.838 1.669 0.893 36 Prothrombin CK-MB HSP90a LRIG3 PTN 0.845 0.844 1.689 0.9 37 Renin PTN HSP90a ERBB1 BTK 0.831 0.835 1.666 0.891 38 IGFBP-2 TCTP SCFsR ERBB1 Kallikrein7 0.845 0.827 1.672 0.891 39 LRIG3 SCFsR HSP90a PTN Ubiquitin + 1 0.854 0.81 1.664 0.894 40 CK-MB AMPM2 ERBB1 BTK CDK5-p35 0.84 0.83 1.67 0.886 41 CDK5-p35 SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 BLC 0.822 0.835 1.657 0.885 42 C1s HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 ERBB1 0.826 0.849 1.676 0.896 43 CNDP1 ERBB1 HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 0.817 0.855 1.672 0.897 44 IGFBP-2 CyclophilinA ERBB1 Contactin-5 Kallikrein7 0.808 0.858 1.665 0.882 45 Endostatin Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA ERBB1 IGFBP-2 0.822 0.852 1.674 0.88 46 SCFsR C9 CyclophilinA FGF-17 ERBB1 0.817 0.855 1.672 0.897 47 MIP-5 PTN ERBB1 RAC1 FYN 0.836 0.83 1.665 0.889 48 sL-Selectin LRIG3 HSP90a PTN IL-15Ra 0.831 0.841 1.672 0.894 49 LDH-H1 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 HSP90a PTN 0.822 0.858 1.68 0.891 50 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 CyclophilinA ERBB1 MEK1 0.808 0.844 1.651 0.872 51 PARC LRIG3 HSP90a CK-MB Midkine 0.826 0.838 1.664 0.881 52 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 HSP90a ERBB1 PTN 0.822 0.858 1.68 0.898 53 IGFBP-2 HSP90a Renin PTN Kallikrein7 0.822 0.844 1.665 0.896 54 CK-MB PARC TCTP ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.831 0.838 1.669 0.886 55 CK-MB CD30Ligand KPCI ERBB1 Ubiquitin + 1 0.831 0.83 1.661 0.875 56 BLC SCFsR CSK ERBB1 PARC 0.822 0.832 1.654 0.879 57 PTN SCFsR RAC1 C1s C9 0.817 0.858 1.675 0.902 58 CNDP1 KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB HSP90a 0.845 0.827 1.672 0.878 59 Kallikrein7 PTN HSP90a C9 Contactin-5 0.812 0.849 1.662 0.884 60 Endostatin ERBB1 CSK Kallikrein7 SCFsR 0.85 0.824 1.674 0.887 61 FGF-17 SCFsR HSP90a PTN ERBB1 0.817 0.855 1.672 0.903 62 FYN PTN HSP90a ERBB1 SCFsR 0.798 0.866 1.665 0.895 63 sL-Selectin IGFBP-2 CyclophilinA PTN IL-15Ra 0.822 0.849 1.671 0.879 64 PTN ERBB1 IGFBP-2 UBE2N LDH-H1 0.822 0.858 1.68 0.887 65 Endostatin Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA ERBB1 MEK1 0.822 0.83 1.651 0.875 66 MIP-5 PTN ERBB1 RAC1 PARC 0.817 0.855 1.672 0.892 67 CK-MB PTN HSP90a LRIG3 Midkine 0.808 0.855 1.663 0.895 68 Prothrombin CK-MB HSP90a Kallikrein7 ERBB1 0.826 0.847 1.673 0.897 69 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI SCFsR Renin 0.845 0.818 1.663 0.875 70 Kallikrein7 C9 ERBB1 TCTP LDH-H1 0.845 0.824 1.669 0.881 71 Ubiquitin + 1 BTK ERBB1 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.845 0.815 1.66 0.888 72 C9 ERBB1 AMPM2 BTK Kallikrein7 0.822 0.847 1.668 0.88 73 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC 0.836 0.818 1.654 0.879 74 PTN CNDP1 CyclophilinA SCFsR BMP-1 0.812 0.858 1.67 0.9 75 C1s Kallikrein7 ERBB1 GAPDH, liver BTK 0.85 0.824 1.674 0.881 76 IGFBP-2 SCFsR RAC1 ERBB1 CDK5-p35 0.826 0.849 1.676 0.902 77 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand PTN Contactin-5 0.831 0.83 1.661 0.88 78 FGF-17 Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN ERBB1 0.817 0.852 1.669 0.901 79 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 FYN 0.831 0.832 1.663 0.881 80 IL-15Ra PTN RAC1 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 0.845 0.824 1.669 0.886 81 MEK1 CyclophilinA ERBB1 PTN Kallikrein7 0.812 0.838 1.65 0.88 82 MIP-5 CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 CK-MB 0.822 0.849 1.671 0.884 83 BTK SCFsR C9 Kallikrein7 Midkine 0.826 0.835 1.662 0.879 84 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin 0.84 0.83 1.67 0.89 85 CSK C9 ERBB1 CK-MB Renin 0.836 0.824 1.66 0.884 86 CD30Ligand PTN ERBB1 TCTP Kallikrein7 0.84 0.827 1.667 0.895 87 PTN SCFsR UBE2N IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.822 0.855 1.677 0.901 88 CD30Ligand SCFsR ERBB1 CyclophilinA Ubiquitin + 1 0.836 0.824 1.66 0.888 89 SCFsR ERBB1 AMPM2 IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 0.826 0.838 1.664 0.891 90 CDK5-p35 CK-MB ERBB1 CSK BLC 0.822 0.83 1.651 0.88 91 SCFsR BMP-1 HSP90a PTN CDK5-p35 0.826 0.844 1.67 0.896 92 CK-MB Kallikrein7 CSK ERBB1 Contactin-5 0.822 0.838 1.66 0.883 93 Endostatin Kallikrein7 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR 0.854 0.818 1.673 0.877 94 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 KPCI SCFsR FGF-17 0.845 0.824 1.669 0.877 95 PTN LRIG3 HSP90a FYN SCFsR 0.822 0.841 1.663 0.893 96 KPCI TCTP ERBB1 SCFsR IL-15Ra 0.845 0.821 1.666 0.876 97 LDH-H1 CK-MB ERBB1 CSK Kallikrein7 0.85 0.827 1.676 0.887 98 MEK1 HSP90a ERBB1 Kallikrein7 C9 0.812 0.838 1.65 0.874 99 BTK MIP-5 PTN GAPDH, liver ERBB1 0.826 0.841 1.667 0.894 100 sL-Selectin PARC HSP90a PTN Midkine 0.84 0.821 1.661 0.884 Marker Count Marker Count ERBB1 59 TCTP 6 PTN 48 Midkine 6 Kallikrein7 42 MIP-5 6 HSP90a 35 MEK1 6 SCFsR 34 LDH-H1 6 IGFBP-2 25 IL-15Ra 6 CK-MB 25 FYN 6 LRIG3 15 FGF-17 6 CyclophilinA 13 Endostatin 6 KPCI 12 Contactin-5 6 CSK 12 CNDP1 6 C9 12 C1s 6 RAC1 10 BMP-1 6 PARC  9 BLC 6 CD30Ligand  9 AMPM2 6 BTK  9 Ubiquitin + 1 5 CDK5-p35  8 UBE2N 5 GAPDH, liver  7 Renin 5 sL-Selectin  6 Prothrombin 5

TABLE 18 100 Panels of 6 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 SCFsR ERBB1 AMPM2 IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 PARC 0.84 0.858 1.698 0.897 2 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC SCFsR 0.859 0.824 1.683 0.887 3 PARC BMP-1 CSK ERBB1 CK-MB GAPDH, liver 0.84 0.858 1.698 0.897 4 BTK HSP90a ERBB1 Kallikrein7 CK-MB PTN 0.85 0.861 1.711 0.913 5 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 C1s 0.869 0.838 1.707 0.883 6 CD30Ligand SCFsR KPCI C9 BTK PTN 0.869 0.835 1.704 0.898 7 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB PTN Kallikrein7 0.84 0.878 1.718 0.903 8 Contactin-5 BTK ERBB1 CK-MB GAPDH, liver PARC 0.817 0.878 1.695 0.895 9 LDH-H1 PTN ERBB1 CyclophilinA CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 0.854 0.855 1.71 0.901 10 CD30Ligand RAC1 PTN sL-Selectin Kallikrein7 Endostatin 0.859 0.844 1.703 0.898 11 LDH-H1 PTN ERBB1 HSP90a FGF-17 Kallikrein7 0.85 0.849 1.699 0.898 12 PTN SCFsR RAC1 IGFBP-2 FYN CD30Ligand 0.873 0.835 1.708 0.908 13 CD30Ligand KPCI PTN LRIG3 Kallikrein7 IL-15Ra 0.85 0.844 1.694 0.879 14 CD30Ligand PTN ERBB1 RAC1 Kallikrein7 MEK1 0.836 0.855 1.691 0.893 15 MIP-5 RAC1 PTN IGFBP-2 ERBB1 LDH-H1 0.826 0.866 1.693 0.892 16 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a ERBB1 CDK5-p35 Midkine 0.85 0.847 1.696 0.897 17 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin CK-MB 0.85 0.861 1.711 0.91 18 CK-MB Kallikrein7 HSP90a LRIG3 Renin Prothrombin 0.864 0.827 1.691 0.891 19 IGFBP-2 TCTP SCFsR ERBB1 Kallikrein7 CDK5-p35 0.864 0.841 1.705 0.896 20 PTN SCFsR UBE2N IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand LDH-H1 0.85 0.861 1.711 0.903 21 CD30Ligand SCFsR ERBB1 CyclophilinA Ubiquitin + 1 PTN 0.85 0.852 1.702 0.91 22 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 AMPM2 PTN SCFsR CDK5-p35 0.845 0.849 1.695 0.898 23 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC Contactin-5 0.854 0.824 1.678 0.879 24 IGFBP-2 BMP-1 RAC1 PTN SCFsR CDK5-p35 0.831 0.864 1.695 0.906 25 C1s PTN ERBB1 UBE2N Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 0.845 0.858 1.703 0.9 26 Kallikrein7 RAC1 SCFsR C9 IGFBP-2 PARC 0.831 0.872 1.703 0.904 27 PTN CNDP1 CyclophilinA C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver 0.864 0.838 1.702 0.906 28 Endostatin LRIG3 HSP90a CK-MB PARC Kallikrein7 0.836 0.861 1.696 0.902 29 BTK FGF-17 ERBB1 GAPDH, liver SCFsR PARC 0.826 0.872 1.698 0.906 30 CK-MB Kallikrein7 HSP90a PARC LRIG3 FYN 0.845 0.852 1.697 0.896 31 sL-Selectin LRIG3 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin IL-15Ra 0.859 0.832 1.692 0.9 32 Kallikrein7 RAC1 SCFsR ERBB1 IGFBP-2 MEK1 0.845 0.841 1.686 0.896 33 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 KPCI SCFsR MIP-5 CDK5-p35 0.878 0.81 1.688 0.884 34 Midkine CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.85 0.841 1.691 0.893 35 CD30Ligand RAC1 PTN sL-Selectin Kallikrein7 Renin 0.854 0.83 1.684 0.895 36 CD30Ligand PTN ERBB1 TCTP IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.845 0.847 1.692 0.9 37 Ubiquitin + 1 BTK ERBB1 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 PARC 0.85 0.849 1.699 0.901 38 BTK AMPM2 C9 SCFsR Kallikrein7 FGF-17 0.85 0.841 1.691 0.89 39 CDK5-p35 CSK ERBB1 PARC CK-MB BLC 0.817 0.861 1.678 0.89 40 LDH-H1 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 HSP90a PTN BMP-1 0.831 0.861 1.692 0.895 41 CNDP1 SCFsR HSP90a PTN ERBB1 BTK 0.831 0.869 1.7 0.903 42 CK-MB SCFsR CSK ERBB1 KPCI Contactin-5 0.869 0.824 1.692 0.879 43 Endostatin Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN CK-MB LRIG3 0.826 0.869 1.696 0.908 44 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA ERBB1 FYN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.854 0.835 1.69 0.892 45 IGFBP-2 SCFsR RAC1 IL-15Ra PTN HSP90a 0.831 0.858 1.689 0.898 46 CK-MB SCFsR CyclophilinA ERBB1 KPCI MEK1 0.85 0.832 1.682 0.874 47 CD30Ligand KPCI PTN LRIG3 Kallikrein7 MIP-5 0.854 0.832 1.687 0.88 48 Midkine ERBB1 HSP90a Kallikrein7 CK-MB CDK5-p35 0.836 0.852 1.688 0.898 49 Renin LRIG3 HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 0.836 0.847 1.682 0.903 50 CK-MB Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN ERBB1 TCTP 0.85 0.841 1.691 0.905 51 BTK IGFBP-2 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 UBE2N PARC 0.85 0.849 1.699 0.899 52 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR Ubiquitin + 1 0.854 0.844 1.698 0.9 53 CK-MB IGFBP-2 AMPM2 LRIG3 PTN CD30Ligand 0.845 0.844 1.689 0.898 54 CK-MB IGFBP-2 AMPM2 LRIG3 SCFsR BLC 0.84 0.835 1.676 0.89 55 C1s PTN ERBB1 BTK Kallikrein7 BMP-1 0.812 0.878 1.69 0.892 56 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a IGFBP-2 PTN SCFsR 0.826 0.872 1.698 0.904 57 Contactin-5 CK-MB RAC1 ERBB1 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 0.822 0.866 1.688 0.895 58 Endostatin LRIG3 HSP90a CK-MB Kallikrein7 CDK5-p35 0.845 0.849 1.695 0.898 59 CyclophilinA GAPDH, liver ERBB1 PARC SCFsR FGF-17 0.831 0.864 1.695 0.904 60 PTN SCFsR RAC1 C1s C9 FYN 0.831 0.858 1.689 0.901 61 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN BTK IL-15Ra 0.84 0.847 1.687 0.901 62 C1s Kallikrein7 ERBB1 RAC1 PTN MEK1 0.826 0.855 1.681 0.893 63 MIP-5 SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN GAPDH, liver 0.845 0.841 1.686 0.901 64 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR Midkine 0.85 0.838 1.688 0.911 65 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin PARC 0.854 0.849 1.704 0.904 66 C1s KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BTK Renin 0.864 0.818 1.682 0.882 67 CD30Ligand KPCI PTN SCFsR C9 TCTP 0.864 0.827 1.691 0.891 68 PARC LRIG3 SCFsR HSP90a PTN UBE2N 0.854 0.844 1.698 0.906 69 IGFBP-2 CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 Ubiquitin + 1 SCFsR 0.864 0.83 1.693 0.899 70 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 HSP90a sL-Selectin 0.854 0.852 1.707 0.902 71 CDK5-p35 SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 BLC PARC 0.845 0.83 1.675 0.891 72 PTN RAC1 ERBB1 BMP-1 Kallikrein7 C1s 0.826 0.864 1.69 0.901 73 CNDP1 ERBB1 HSP90a CDK5-p35 PTN Kallikrein7 0.84 0.855 1.695 0.903 74 C1s PTN ERBB1 UBE2N LDH-H1 Contactin-5 0.836 0.852 1.688 0.891 75 Endostatin Kallikrein7 HSP90a CK-MB ERBB1 BTK 0.859 0.832 1.692 0.898 76 PARC LRIG3 HSP90a CK-MB FGF-17 Kallikrein7 0.836 0.858 1.694 0.896 77 Kallikrein7 RAC1 SCFsR ERBB1 IGFBP-2 FYN 0.85 0.838 1.688 0.898 78 IL-15Ra UBE2N PTN LRIG3 Kallikrein7 CK-MB 0.831 0.855 1.686 0.898 79 Kallikrein7 GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CD30Ligand PTN MEK1 0.831 0.849 1.68 0.894 80 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 MIP-5 UBE2N 0.845 0.838 1.683 0.891 81 BTK KPCI SCFsR ERBB1 Midkine CDK5-p35 0.859 0.827 1.686 0.888 82 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN CD30Ligand Prothrombin 0.864 0.838 1.702 0.908 83 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI SCFsR Renin HSP90a 0.854 0.827 1.681 0.881 84 CK-MB ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR KPCI TCTP 0.869 0.821 1.69 0.88 85 Ubiquitin + 1 BTK ERBB1 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 SCFsR 0.859 0.832 1.692 0.899 86 CD30Ligand RAC1 PTN sL-Selectin Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 0.859 0.847 1.706 0.905 87 PARC AMPM2 ERBB1 CSK CK-MB BLC 0.84 0.832 1.673 0.891 88 C1s PTN ERBB1 CyclophilinA Kallikrein7 BMP-1 0.826 0.864 1.69 0.901 89 PTN SCFsR GAPDH, liver HSP90a LRIG3 CNDP1 0.84 0.855 1.695 0.905 90 C1s Kallikrein7 ERBB1 RAC1 PTN Contactin-5 0.831 0.855 1.686 0.896 91 SCFsR C9 CSK Kallikrein7 Endostatin Prothrombin 0.859 0.832 1.692 0.896 92 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a C9 Prothrombin FGF-17 0.864 0.83 1.693 0.893 93 IGFBP-2 SCFsR RAC1 ERBB1 CDK5-p35 FYN 0.84 0.847 1.687 0.9 94 IL-15Ra PTN RAC1 sL-Selectin C1s LRIG3 0.859 0.827 1.686 0.902 95 SCFsR ERBB1 LDH-H1 CyclophilinA Kallikrein7 MEK1 0.845 0.835 1.68 0.884 96 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN MIP-5 RAC1 0.845 0.838 1.683 0.904 97 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 C9 Midkine 0.836 0.849 1.685 0.888 98 PARC IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin Renin 0.831 0.849 1.68 0.896 99 IGFBP-2 TCTP SCFsR ERBB1 PARC CDK5-p35 0.822 0.866 1.688 0.898 100 PTN SCFsR BTK IGFBP-2 C1s Ubiquitin + 1 0.85 0.841 1.691 0.909 Marker Count Marker Count PTN 56 LDH-H1 8 Kallikrein7 52 CSK 8 SCFsR 49 UBE2N 7 ERBB1 49 AMPM2 7 IGFBP-2 39 sL-Selectin 6 HSP90a 30 Ubiquitin + 1 6 CK-MB 26 TCTP 6 RAC1 21 Renin 6 LRIG3 21 Midkine 6 CD30Ligand 21 MIP-5 6 PARC 18 MEK1 6 BTK 15 IL-15Ra 6 KPCI 14 FYN 6 CDK5-p35 14 FGF-17 6 GAPDH, liver 13 Endostatin 6 C1s 13 Contactin-5 6 CyclophilinA 11 CNDP1 6 C9 10 BMP-1 6 Prothrombin  8 BLC 6

TABLE 19 100 Panels of 7 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 AMPM2 SCFsR 0.878 0.844 1.722 0.897 Kallikrein7 PARC CD30Ligand 2 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB 0.864 0.838 1.702 0.893 BLC SCFsR PARC 3 GAPDH, liver HSP90a BMP-1 PTN 0.85 0.869 1.719 0.905 PARC LRIG3 Kallikrein7 4 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 0.887 0.844 1.731 0.898 SCFsR KPCI CD30Ligand 5 C1s PTN ERBB1 UBE2N 0.845 0.881 1.726 0.91 Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 CK-MB 6 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 0.873 0.855 1.728 0.907 PTN LRIG3 HSP90a 7 CK-MB Kallikrein7 HSP90a PARC 0.859 0.869 1.728 0.907 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 Endostatin 8 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.854 0.866 1.721 0.911 SCFsR HSP90a CNDP1 9 LDH-H1 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 HSP90a 0.836 0.881 1.716 0.904 PTN CK-MB Contactin-5 10 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 0.859 0.866 1.726 0.916 CD30Ligand PTN PARC 11 Endostatin Kallikrein7 HSP90a CK-MB 0.85 0.872 1.722 0.902 FGF-17 LRIG3 PARC 12 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR 0.883 0.832 1.715 0.894 PTN FYN Kallikrein7 13 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.85 0.858 1.708 0.905 SCFsR IL-15Ra Kallikrein7 14 Kallikrein7 RAC1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.854 0.858 1.712 0.901 IGFBP-2 MEK1 CDK5-p35 15 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.878 0.841 1.719 0.894 KPCI IGFBP-2 MIP-5 16 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.873 0.844 1.717 0.892 KPCI IGFBP-2 Midkine 17 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN 0.869 0.861 1.729 0.912 GAPDH, liver PARC SCFsR 18 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR 0.878 0.835 1.713 0.893 Kallikrein7 CSK Renin 19 CD30Ligand sL-Selectin GAPDH, liver PTN 0.869 0.847 1.715 0.894 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 TCTP 20 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.864 0.852 1.716 0.913 SCFsR CD30Ligand Ubiquitin + 1 21 SCFsR ERBB1 BTK IGFBP-2 0.878 0.844 1.722 0.899 CDK5-p35 Kallikrein7 AMPM2 22 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB 0.878 0.824 1.702 0.896 BLC SCFsR C9 23 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN 0.85 0.864 1.713 0.907 GAPDH, liver SCFsR BMP-1 24 CD30Ligand RAC1 PTN sL-Selectin 0.854 0.866 1.721 0.913 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 C1s 25 LRIG3 KPCI IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.864 0.855 1.719 0.9 CNDP1 HSP90a PTN 26 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand PTN 0.883 0.83 1.712 0.898 Contactin-5 SCFsR BTK 27 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA PTN sL-Selectin 0.873 0.852 1.726 0.898 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 GAPDH, liver 28 SCFsR ERBB1 LDH-H1 CyclophilinA 0.873 0.847 1.72 0.904 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 C9 29 IGFBP-2 SCFsR RAC1 ERBB1 0.845 0.869 1.714 0.909 PTN FGF-17 FYN 30 IL-15Ra PTN RAC1 sL-Selectin 0.854 0.852 1.707 0.905 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand LRIG3 31 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.873 0.838 1.711 0.889 IGFBP-2 SCFsR MEK1 32 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.892 0.827 1.719 0.897 IGFBP-2 SCFsR MIP-5 33 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN sL-Selectin 0.864 0.852 1.716 0.906 RAC1 Midkine Kallikrein7 34 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA PTN sL-Selectin 0.859 0.852 1.711 0.902 Kallikrein7 Renin IGFBP-2 35 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN 0.873 0.841 1.714 0.893 TCTP CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 36 PTN SCFsR UBE2N IGFBP-2 0.887 0.849 1.737 0.896 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI 37 Ubiquitin + 1 BTK ERBB1 IGFBP-2 0.864 0.852 1.716 0.899 Kallikrein7 SCFsR Midkine 38 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 0.873 0.847 1.72 0.889 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand KPCI 39 CD30Ligand SCFsR ERBB1 CSK 0.869 0.83 1.698 0.898 KPCI PTN BLC 40 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC 0.836 0.875 1.711 0.913 SCFsR HSP90a BMP-1 41 PTN KPCI IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 0.859 0.858 1.717 0.894 HSP90a SCFsR C1s 42 CK-MB Kallikrein7 HSP90a LRIG3 0.854 0.861 1.715 0.902 PTN LDH-H1 CNDP1 43 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN sL-Selectin 0.836 0.875 1.711 0.91 RAC1 Contactin-5 PARC 44 CD30Ligand sL-Selectin GAPDH, liver PTN 0.873 0.844 1.717 0.9 BTK Kallikrein7 Endostatin 45 Kallikrein7 RAC1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.859 0.855 1.714 0.904 IGFBP-2 FYN CD30Ligand 46 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN sL-Selectin 0.831 0.875 1.706 0.901 RAC1 IL-15Ra PARC 47 BTK KPCI ERBB1 CD30Ligand 0.859 0.847 1.706 0.891 PTN SCFsR MEK1 48 SCFsR C9 CSK Kallikrein7 0.878 0.827 1.705 0.896 Endostatin Prothrombin MIP-5 49 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 0.85 0.858 1.708 0.908 CD30Ligand PTN Renin 50 IGFBP-2 TCTP SCFsR ERBB1 0.873 0.838 1.711 0.894 Kallikrein7 CDK5-p35 AMPM2 51 UBE2N HSP90a ERBB1 PTN 0.864 0.855 1.719 0.914 Kallikrein7 CK-MB CDK5-p35 52 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.887 0.827 1.714 0.897 IGFBP-2 SCFsR Ubiquitin + 1 53 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB 0.873 0.821 1.694 0.893 BLC SCFsR LRIG3 54 C1s PTN ERBB1 CyclophilinA 0.836 0.875 1.711 0.907 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 sL-Selectin 55 CK-MB SCFsR CSK ERBB1 0.883 0.832 1.715 0.891 KPCI CNDP1 FGF-17 56 CK-MB SCFsR CSK ERBB1 0.878 0.832 1.71 0.889 C9 KPCI Contactin-5 57 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN 0.864 0.849 1.713 0.901 GAPDH, liver SCFsR FYN 58 SCFsR ERBB1 CSK PARC 0.822 0.884 1.705 0.9 CDK5-p35 IGFBP-2 IL-15Ra 59 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.836 0.869 1.705 0.897 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 MEK1 60 LRIG3 KPCI CNDP1 SCFsR 0.869 0.835 1.704 0.897 MIP-5 PTN IGFBP-2 61 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 0.859 0.852 1.711 0.905 SCFsR Midkine LDH-H1 62 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 0.873 0.832 1.706 0.901 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand Renin 63 CD30Ligand PTN ERBB1 TCTP 0.85 0.858 1.708 0.9 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 Contactin-5 64 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.859 0.858 1.717 0.915 SCFsR CD30Ligand UBE2N 65 C1s PTN ERBB1 CyclophilinA 0.84 0.872 1.713 0.909 SCFsR PARC Ubiquitin + 1 66 CDK5-p35 CSK ERBB1 PARC 0.831 0.861 1.692 0.897 CK-MB SCFsR BLC 67 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 0.854 0.855 1.71 0.896 IGFBP-2 BMP-1 SCFsR 68 CD30Ligand SCFsR KPCI C9 0.859 0.855 1.714 0.901 BTK PTN Endostatin 69 PARC LRIG3 SCFsR HSP90a 0.845 0.872 1.717 0.905 Kallikrein7 CK-MB FGF-17 70 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 HSP90a SCFsR 0.859 0.852 1.711 0.901 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 FYN 71 sL-Selectin LRIG3 HSP90a PTN 0.85 0.855 1.705 0.908 Prothrombin IL-15Ra PARC 72 Kallikrein7 GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CD30Ligand 0.85 0.855 1.705 0.896 PTN MEK1 BTK 73 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN 0.845 0.858 1.703 0.912 MIP-5 RAC1 PARC 74 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.836 0.875 1.711 0.906 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 Midkine 75 Prothrombin CK-MB HSP90a LRIG3 0.859 0.844 1.703 0.899 Endostatin Kallikrein7 Renin 76 CK-MB ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR 0.869 0.838 1.707 0.887 KPCI TCTP PARC 77 PTN SCFsR UBE2N IGFBP-2 0.864 0.852 1.716 0.904 CD30Ligand LDH-H1 CDK5-p35 78 LRIG3 SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.854 0.858 1.712 0.905 Ubiquitin + 1 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 79 SCFsR ERBB1 AMPM2 IGFBP-2 0.854 0.861 1.715 0.902 CDK5-p35 PARC BTK 80 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB 0.859 0.832 1.692 0.89 BLC SCFsR FGF-17 81 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN CyclophilinA 0.869 0.841 1.709 0.898 SCFsR KPCI BMP-1 82 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 0.84 0.875 1.715 0.918 C1s PARC PTN 83 CNDP1 SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.859 0.855 1.714 0.906 ERBB1 GAPDH, liver BTK 84 CK-MB SCFsR CSK ERBB1 0.864 0.844 1.708 0.886 KPCI PARC Contactin-5 85 IGFBP-2 SCFsR RAC1 ERBB1 0.859 0.852 1.711 0.905 CDK5-p35 FYN Kallikrein7 86 BTK KPCI ERBB1 CD30Ligand 0.864 0.841 1.705 0.899 PTN SCFsR IL-15Ra 87 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN 0.864 0.841 1.705 0.887 C1s Kallikrein7 MEK1 88 KPCI HSP90a IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.859 0.844 1.703 0.895 PTN LRIG3 MIP-5 89 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB 0.831 0.878 1.709 0.903 PTN Kallikrein7 Midkine 90 PTN KPCI IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 0.878 0.824 1.702 0.891 HSP90a SCFsR Renin 91 CK-MB SCFsR TCTP ERBB1 0.845 0.861 1.706 0.902 CD30Ligand PARC GAPDH, liver 92 PTN LRIG3 HSP90a UBE2N 0.854 0.861 1.715 0.906 SCFsR IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand 93 Kallikrein7 C9 ERBB1 CyclophilinA 0.869 0.844 1.712 0.905 SCFsR Ubiquitin + 1 IGFBP-2 94 PTN LRIG3 AMPM2 IGFBP-2 0.869 0.847 1.715 0.888 Prothrombin sL-Selectin Kallikrein7 95 CK-MB SCFsR CSK ERBB1 0.859 0.832 1.692 0.89 KPCI FGF-17 BLC 96 CNDP1 SCFsR BTK PTN 0.85 0.858 1.708 0.908 GAPDH, liver BMP-1 sL-Selectin 97 CD30Ligand SCFsR ERBB1 KPCI 0.864 0.841 1.705 0.891 CK-MB BTK Contactin-5 98 Endostatin SCFsR HSP90a LRIG3 0.864 0.849 1.713 0.911 PTN Prothrombin CDK5-p35 99 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB 0.836 0.875 1.711 0.902 PTN Kallikrein7 FYN 100 BTK GAPDH, liver ERBB1 PARC 0.84 0.864 1.704 0.901 CK-MB IL-15Ra LRIG3 Marker Count Marker Count SCFsR 75 CNDP1 9 PTN 69 IL-15Ra 7 IGFBP-2 58 FYN 7 Kallikrein7 53 FGF-17 7 CD30Ligand 39 Endostatin 7 ERBB1 38 Contactin-5 7 KPCI 33 C9 7 HSP90a 33 C1s 7 LRIG3 28 BMP-1 7 CK-MB 23 BLC 7 PARC 22 AMPM2 7 GAPDH, liver 17 Ubiquitin + 1 6 BTK 14 UBE2N 6 sL-Selectin 13 TCTP 6 RAC1 13 Renin 6 CSK 13 Midkine 6 Prothrombin 11 MIP-5 6 CDK5-p35 11 MEK1 6 CyclophilinA 10 LDH-H1 6

TABLE 20 100 Panels of 8 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 AMPM2 SCFsR 0.869 0.866 1.735 0.907 Kallikrein7 PARC CD30Ligand CK-MB 2 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA PTN ERBB1 0.85 0.869 1.719 0.914 GAPDH, liver SCFsR Kallikrein7 BLC 3 PTN CyclophilinA BMP-1 ERBB1 0.854 0.875 1.729 0.917 Kallikrein7 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CD30Ligand 4 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.904 IGFBP-2 SCFsR C9 BTK 5 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN 0.892 0.849 1.741 0.901 C1s CD30Ligand Ubiquitin + 1 Kallikrein7 6 CDK5-p35 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN 0.873 0.861 1.734 0.902 SCFsR KPCI Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 7 Endostatin LRIG3 HSP90a PTN 0.869 0.872 1.741 0.912 CNDP1 Kallikrein7 CK-MB BTK 8 CK-MB SCFsR CSK ERBB1 0.887 0.847 1.734 0.893 KPCI CDK5-p35 HSP90a PARC 9 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand PTN 0.901 0.83 1.731 0.901 Contactin-5 SCFsR Kallikrein7 BTK 10 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver HSP90a 0.869 0.869 1.738 0.917 PTN FGF-17 PARC Prothrombin 11 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC 0.873 0.864 1.737 0.92 SCFsR Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand FYN 12 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 0.897 0.835 1.732 0.898 SCFsR KPCI IL-15Ra CD30Ligand 13 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 0.883 0.858 1.741 0.91 CD30Ligand PTN Renin LDH-H1 14 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA PTN ERBB1 0.864 0.861 1.725 0.907 GAPDH, liver SCFsR Kallikrein7 MEK1 15 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN 0.859 0.875 1.734 0.914 MIP-5 RAC1 PARC C1s 16 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.906 0.821 1.727 0.897 IGFBP-2 SCFsR MIP-5 Midkine 17 CD30Ligand KPCI PTN SCFsR 0.887 0.849 1.737 0.9 C9 TCTP Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 18 SCFsR C9 UBE2N CD30Ligand 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.902 PTN KPCI Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 19 PARC GAPDH, liver HSP90a PTN 0.869 0.866 1.735 0.912 IGFBP-2 LRIG3 sL-Selectin Prothrombin 20 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 AMPM2 IGFBP-2 0.873 0.861 1.734 0.903 BTK SCFsR C9 CDK5-p35 21 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB 0.873 0.844 1.717 0.894 BLC SCFsR PARC Renin 22 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.887 0.841 1.728 0.9 IGFBP-2 SCFsR BMP-1 UBE2N 23 CNDP1 SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.878 0.855 1.733 0.911 ERBB1 GAPDH, liver BTK CDK5-p35 24 KPCI HSP90a IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.878 0.852 1.73 0.899 PTN LRIG3 Kallikrein7 Contactin-5 25 PARC LRIG3 SCFsR HSP90a 0.854 0.881 1.735 0.908 Kallikrein7 CK-MB Endostatin FGF-17 26 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR 0.883 0.849 1.732 0.903 PTN FYN Kallikrein7 ERBB1 27 PTN SCFsR BTK IGFBP-2 0.878 0.847 1.725 0.897 C1s Kallikrein7 KPCI IL-15Ra 28 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 0.864 0.875 1.739 0.915 SCFsR C9 LRIG3 LDH-H1 29 PTN SCFsR RAC1 C1s 0.845 0.875 1.72 0.902 IGFBP-2 LDH-H1 MEK1 PARC 30 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 0.869 0.858 1.726 0.902 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand LRIG3 Midkine 31 IGFBP-2 TCTP SCFsR ERBB1 0.85 0.881 1.73 0.912 PARC CDK5-p35 Kallikrein7 CK-MB 32 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.892 0.841 1.733 0.901 IGFBP-2 SCFsR Ubiquitin + 1 LRIG3 33 CD30Ligand RAC1 PTN sL-Selectin 0.864 0.869 1.733 0.92 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 C1s PARC 34 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB 0.873 0.841 1.714 0.892 BLC SCFsR PARC AMPM2 35 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.878 0.849 1.727 0.899 IGFBP-2 SCFsR BMP-1 HSP90a 36 PTN KPCI IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 0.878 0.852 1.73 0.899 HSP90a SCFsR CNDP1 LRIG3 37 PARC LRIG3 SCFsR HSP90a 0.84 0.889 1.73 0.903 Kallikrein7 CK-MB Endostatin Contactin-5 38 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 0.859 0.878 1.737 0.915 SCFsR FGF-17 LDH-H1 PARC 39 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 0.873 0.858 1.731 0.898 IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand ERBB1 FYN 40 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 0.883 0.841 1.724 0.897 SCFsR Kallikrein7 KPCI IL-15Ra 41 IGFBP-2 CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 0.873 0.847 1.72 0.899 Ubiquitin + 1 SCFsR MEK1 C9 42 LRIG3 KPCI CNDP1 SCFsR 0.883 0.847 1.729 0.901 MIP-5 PTN IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 43 SCFsR ERBB1 BTK IGFBP-2 0.883 0.844 1.726 0.907 CDK5-p35 Kallikrein7 Ubiquitin + 1 Midkine 44 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 0.897 0.841 1.738 0.903 SCFsR KPCI CD30Ligand Renin 45 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR 0.873 0.852 1.726 0.905 Kallikrein7 TCTP PTN LDH-H1 46 C1s IGFBP-2 PTN UBE2N 0.887 0.849 1.737 0.9 Kallikrein7 SCFsR KPCI CD30Ligand 47 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC 0.854 0.878 1.732 0.913 sL-Selectin CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 FGF-17 48 CDK5-p35 CSK ERBB1 PARC 0.859 0.852 1.711 0.908 CK-MB SCFsR GAPDH, liver BLC 49 SCFsR BMP-1 HSP90a PTN 0.864 0.861 1.725 0.899 PARC BTK KPCI ERBB1 50 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand PTN 0.883 0.847 1.729 0.898 Contactin-5 SCFsR Kallikrein7 UBE2N 51 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 0.873 0.858 1.731 0.903 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand LRIG3 Endostatin 52 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.887 0.844 1.731 0.901 IGFBP-2 SCFsR C9 FYN 53 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 0.878 0.844 1.722 0.896 CD30Ligand PTN KPCI IL-15Ra 54 Kallikrein7 RAC1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.859 0.858 1.717 0.902 IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 Midkine MEK1 55 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.897 0.832 1.729 0.901 IGFBP-2 SCFsR MIP-5 RAC1 56 CD30Ligand SCFsR KPCI C9 0.887 0.855 1.742 0.899 ERBB1 HSP90a Prothrombin Kallikrein7 57 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.892 0.841 1.733 0.902 KPCI CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 Renin 58 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC 0.887 0.838 1.725 0.912 SCFsR Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand TCTP 59 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC 0.864 0.866 1.73 0.922 SCFsR Kallikrein7 sL-Selectin CD30Ligand 60 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB 0.873 0.838 1.711 0.898 BLC SCFsR PARC LRIG3 61 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 HSP90a PTN 0.878 0.847 1.725 0.91 LRIG3 PARC RAC1 IGFBP-2 62 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB 0.859 0.869 1.728 0.913 PTN GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 PARC 63 Prothrombin CK-MB HSP90a LRIG3 0.864 0.864 1.727 0.902 Endostatin Kallikrein7 SCFsR Contactin-5 64 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 0.864 0.872 1.736 0.921 SCFsR FGF-17 GAPDH, liver PARC 65 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a ERBB1 0.864 0.866 1.73 0.911 IGFBP-2 FYN SCFsR CDK5-p35 66 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.869 0.852 1.721 0.896 KPCI CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 IL-15Ra 67 Kallikrein7 RAC1 SCFsR ERBB1 0.859 0.858 1.717 0.901 C9 BTK IGFBP-2 MEK1 68 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.901 0.827 1.728 0.898 IGFBP-2 SCFsR MIP-5 UBE2N 69 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR 0.883 0.844 1.726 0.896 PTN GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 Midkine 70 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN 0.878 0.852 1.73 0.9 C1s Kallikrein7 HSP90a Renin 71 FGF-17 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.878 0.847 1.725 0.912 C9 SCFsR TCTP PTN 72 SCFsR ERBB1 BTK IGFBP-2 0.854 0.878 1.732 0.914 CDK5-p35 Kallikrein7 Ubiquitin + 1 PARC 73 CD30Ligand sL-Selectin GAPDH, liver PTN 0.878 0.852 1.73 0.906 IGFBP-2 RAC1 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 74 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 0.887 0.847 1.734 0.892 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand KPCI BTK 75 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB 0.873 0.838 1.711 0.894 BLC SCFsR PARC GAPDH, liver 76 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.883 0.841 1.724 0.901 IGFBP-2 SCFsR BMP-1 CyclophilinA 77 Endostatin LRIG3 HSP90a PTN 0.85 0.878 1.728 0.905 CNDP1 Kallikrein7 CK-MB LDH-H1 78 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN 0.869 0.855 1.724 0.896 C1s Kallikrein7 HSP90a Contactin-5 79 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 0.864 0.866 1.73 0.913 CD30Ligand PTN PARC FYN 80 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.845 0.875 1.72 0.916 SCFsR IL-15Ra HSP90a PARC 81 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.873 0.844 1.717 0.893 IGFBP-2 SCFsR MEK1 LRIG3 82 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.897 0.83 1.726 0.9 IGFBP-2 SCFsR MIP-5 GAPDH, liver 83 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.878 0.847 1.725 0.9 IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR Midkine 84 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN 0.873 0.866 1.74 0.911 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CD30Ligand LRIG3 85 PTN SCFsR BTK IGFBP-2 0.887 0.838 1.725 0.902 C1s Kallikrein7 KPCI Renin 86 CDK5-p35 KPCI ERBB1 HSP90a 0.883 0.841 1.724 0.892 CK-MB PARC SCFsR TCTP 87 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC 0.887 0.849 1.737 0.92 SCFsR Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand UBE2N 88 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.864 0.861 1.725 0.921 SCFsR PARC CD30Ligand Ubiquitin + 1 89 sL-Selectin CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 0.859 0.869 1.728 0.914 CD30Ligand PTN C1s GAPDH, liver 90 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 0.878 0.852 1.73 0.894 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand LRIG3 KPCI 91 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 0.85 0.861 1.711 0.905 CD30Ligand ERBB1 RAC1 BLC 92 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 HSP90a PTN 0.864 0.858 1.722 0.91 LRIG3 PARC UBE2N IGFBP-2 93 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a PTN 0.864 0.864 1.727 0.911 Prothrombin GAPDH, liver SCFsR IGFBP-2 94 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.887 0.844 1.731 0.902 IGFBP-2 SCFsR C9 CSK 95 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand PTN 0.887 0.835 1.723 0.9 Contactin-5 SCFsR Kallikrein7 LRIG3 96 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.878 0.852 1.73 0.901 IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR Endostatin 97 Kallikrein7 SCFsR KPCI HSP90a 0.878 0.858 1.736 0.904 FGF-17 IGFBP-2 PTN PARC 98 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 0.869 0.861 1.729 0.91 SCFsR C9 LDH-H1 FYN 99 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 0.873 0.847 1.72 0.898 SCFsR KPCI IL-15Ra C9 100 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN 0.873 0.844 1.717 0.891 IGFBP-2 SCFsR MEK1 BTK Marker Count Marker Count SCFsR 89 Prothrombin 7 PTN 79 MEK1 7 IGFBP-2 78 LDH-H1 7 Kallikrein7 77 IL-15Ra 7 CD30Ligand 58 FYN 7 KPCI 51 FGF-17 7 PARC 33 Endostatin 7 HSP90a 30 Contactin-5 7 LRIG3 29 CSK 7 ERBB1 27 CNDP1 7 GAPDH, liver 20 BMP-1 7 RAC1 19 BLC 7 BTK 16 AMPM2 7 CK-MB 15 sL-Selectin 6 C9 13 Ubiquitin + 1 6 CDK5-p35 12 TCTP 6 CyclophilinA 10 Renin 6 C1s 10 Midkine 6 UBE2N  7 MIP-5 6

TABLE 21 100 Panels of 9 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a ERBB1 CDK5-p35 0.887 0.858 1.745 0.905 IGFBP-2 AMPM2 PARC FYN 2 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC 0.883 0.847 1.729 0.9 SCFsR PARC Renin CDK5-p35 3 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 HSP90a PTN LRIG3 0.883 0.861 1.743 0.917 PARC RAC1 IGFBP-2 Renin 4 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.878 0.881 1.759 0.922 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand BTK Renin 5 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.914 Prothrombin CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 UBE2N 6 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 0.873 0.872 1.745 0.912 CK-MB LDH-H1 CNDP1 SCFsR 7 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand PTN Contactin-5 0.906 0.844 1.75 0.902 SCFsR Kallikrein7 RAC1 MIP-5 8 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN ERBB1 0.869 0.889 1.758 0.925 CyclophilinA IGFBP-2 CK-MB PARC 9 CK-MB LRIG3 HSP90a SCFsR PARC 0.873 0.875 1.748 0.915 Prothrombin Endostatin Kallikrein7 BTK 10 CDK5-p35 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN SCFsR 0.878 0.872 1.75 0.906 KPCI Kallikrein7 PARC FGF-17 11 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR 0.883 0.852 1.735 0.9 KPCI IL-15Ra C9 HSP90a 12 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.883 0.852 1.735 0.893 SCFsR MEK1 LRIG3 Midkine 13 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.883 0.864 1.746 0.903 SCFsR C9 LRIG3 TCTP 14 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.901 0.849 1.751 0.904 SCFsR Ubiquitin + 1 BTK C9 15 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.883 0.869 1.752 0.922 Kallikrein7 sL-Selectin FYN CD30Ligand 16 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.878 0.858 1.736 0.898 CD30Ligand LRIG3 CDK5-p35 KPCI 17 CD30Ligand SCFsR ERBB1 CyclophilinA PTN 0.864 0.864 1.727 0.916 IGFBP-2 RAC1 Kallikrein7 BLC 18 CyclophilinA HSP90a ERBB1 SCFsR PARC 0.873 0.869 1.743 0.913 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 CDK5-p35 19 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR 0.906 0.844 1.75 0.906 Kallikrein7 KPCI Renin C1s 20 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB PTN 0.854 0.889 1.744 0.911 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 Endostatin C1s 21 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.887 0.858 1.745 0.903 SCFsR C9 CSK LRIG3 22 PTN SCFsR BTK IGFBP-2 C1s 0.897 0.849 1.746 0.902 Kallikrein7 KPCI C9 Contactin-5 23 CK-MB LRIG3 HSP90a SCFsR PARC 0.864 0.884 1.747 0.914 Prothrombin Endostatin Kallikrein7 FGF-17 24 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR 0.883 0.852 1.735 0.898 KPCI HSP90a BMP-1 IL-15Ra 25 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN GAPDH, liver 0.878 0.866 1.744 0.907 SCFsR CD30Ligand LRIG3 LDH-H1 26 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA PTN ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.864 0.869 1.733 0.91 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 SCFsR MEK1 27 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.901 0.838 1.739 0.904 SCFsR CDK5-p35 MIP-5 RAC1 28 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.897 0.849 1.746 0.905 SCFsR C9 BTK Midkine 29 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.883 0.861 1.743 0.908 TCTP PTN C9 LDH-H1 30 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 0.878 0.872 1.75 0.92 LRIG3 SCFsR C9 UBE2N 31 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.892 0.847 1.739 0.905 SCFsR CDK5-p35 C1s Ubiquitin + 1 32 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.883 0.864 1.746 0.923 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver sL-Selectin Kallikrein7 33 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a ERBB1 CDK5-p35 0.878 0.858 1.736 0.905 IGFBP-2 AMPM2 PARC BTK 34 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC 0.869 0.855 1.724 0.894 SCFsR PARC Renin Contactin-5 35 Endostatin LRIG3 HSP90a PTN CNDP1 0.854 0.886 1.741 0.906 Kallikrein7 CK-MB LDH-H1 Contactin-5 36 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN GAPDH, liver 0.878 0.866 1.744 0.914 SCFsR FYN PARC FGF-17 37 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 0.859 0.875 1.734 0.918 GAPDH, liver SCFsR PARC IL-15Ra 38 BTK RAC1 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 0.864 0.869 1.733 0.911 PTN SCFsR PARC MEK1 39 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR PTN 0.911 0.827 1.738 0.897 FYN Kallikrein7 MIP-5 Midkine 40 CD30Ligand KPCI PTN SCFsR C9 0.897 0.838 1.735 0.898 TCTP Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 41 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR 0.901 0.844 1.745 0.902 KPCI CD30Ligand UBE2N C9 42 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s 0.901 0.835 1.737 0.9 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 Midkine Ubiquitin + 1 43 PTN LRIG3 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver PARC 0.878 0.866 1.744 0.918 HSP90a SCFsR Prothrombin sL-Selectin 44 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.878 0.858 1.736 0.903 CD30Ligand LRIG3 Endostatin FYN 45 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC 0.869 0.852 1.721 0.9 SCFsR PARC Renin PTN 46 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR 0.878 0.864 1.742 0.904 KPCI HSP90a PARC BMP-1 47 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB PTN 0.869 0.872 1.741 0.912 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA Endostatin C1s 48 FGF-17 SCFsR ERBB1 BTK IGFBP-2 0.869 0.875 1.744 0.923 Kallikrein7 PARC RAC1 PTN 49 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.859 0.875 1.734 0.919 IL-15Ra HSP90a PARC sL-Selectin 50 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN LRIG3 0.854 0.878 1.732 0.908 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin PARC MEK1 51 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.901 0.835 1.737 0.901 SCFsR CDK5-p35 MIP-5 UBE2N 52 IGFBP-2 TCTP SCFsR ERBB1 PARC 0.864 0.866 1.73 0.913 CDK5-p35 Kallikrein7 CK-MB UBE2N 53 IGFBP-2 CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 Ubiquitin + 1 0.854 0.881 1.735 0.918 SCFsR PARC CK-MB CD30Ligand 54 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.873 0.861 1.734 0.911 CD30Ligand CDK5-p35 ERBB1 BTK 55 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.864 0.855 1.719 0.907 CD30Ligand UBE2N LRIG3 BLC 56 PTN CyclophilinA BMP-1 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 0.873 0.864 1.737 0.914 GAPDH, liver SCFsR CD30Ligand FYN 57 Endostatin LRIG3 HSP90a CK-MB PARC 0.864 0.875 1.739 0.914 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 CNDP1 PTN 58 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.892 0.849 1.741 0.906 CSK PTN LDH-H1 CDK5-p35 59 CK-MB LRIG3 HSP90a SCFsR PARC 0.864 0.881 1.745 0.91 Prothrombin Endostatin Kallikrein7 Contactin-5 60 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR 0.864 0.878 1.742 0.922 FGF-17 GAPDH, liver LRIG3 PARC 61 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR 0.887 0.847 1.734 0.896 KPCI IL-15Ra C9 FYN 62 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA PTN ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.873 0.858 1.731 0.908 SCFsR Kallikrein7 MEK1 CDK5-p35 63 IGFBP-2 SCFsR RAC1 C1s Kallikrein7 0.864 0.872 1.736 0.921 PARC GAPDH, liver PTN MIP-5 64 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.873 0.866 1.74 0.911 HSP90a Midkine Prothrombin CD30Ligand 65 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s 0.878 0.852 1.73 0.902 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 TCTP C9 66 IGFBP-2 CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 Ubiquitin + 1 0.864 0.869 1.733 0.92 SCFsR PARC CK-MB FGF-17 67 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR 0.897 0.847 1.743 0.907 sL-Selectin KPCI Kallikrein7 C1s 68 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC 0.878 0.841 1.719 0.894 SCFsR PARC Renin Midkine 69 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver HSP90a PTN 0.85 0.886 1.736 0.918 FGF-17 PARC Prothrombin BMP-1 70 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.864 0.875 1.739 0.912 HSP90a Kallikrein7 CNDP1 Contactin-5 71 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR 0.883 0.849 1.732 0.899 KPCI IL-15Ra CD30Ligand Midkine 72 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 0.864 0.878 1.742 0.921 SCFsR LDH-H1 PARC Kallikrein7 73 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.887 0.844 1.731 0.893 SCFsR MEK1 LRIG3 UBE2N 74 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR 0.906 0.83 1.736 0.905 sL-Selectin KPCI Kallikrein7 MIP-5 75 CD30Ligand PTN ERBB1 TCTP IGFBP-2 0.873 0.855 1.728 0.914 Kallikrein7 SCFsR GAPDH, liver sL-Selectin 76 CDK5-p35 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN SCFsR 0.878 0.855 1.733 0.91 GAPDH, liver CNDP1 LRIG3 Ubiquitin + 1 77 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.864 0.869 1.733 0.91 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 CDK5-p35 78 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA PTN ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.864 0.852 1.716 0.915 SCFsR Kallikrein7 BLC UBE2N 79 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.864 0.872 1.736 0.92 HSP90a Kallikrein7 LRIG3 BMP-1 80 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR 0.887 0.852 1.74 0.909 KPCI IGFBP-2 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 81 PTN LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.854 0.886 1.741 0.915 LDH-H1 PARC CK-MB Contactin-5 82 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA PTN ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.859 0.872 1.731 0.915 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 IL-15Ra SCFsR 83 C1s CSK ERBB1 Kallikrein7 PTN 0.887 0.844 1.731 0.9 SCFsR GAPDH, liver LDH-H1 MEK1 84 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.883 0.852 1.735 0.9 SCFsR CDK5-p35 MIP-5 HSP90a 85 CD30Ligand KPCI PTN SCFsR C9 0.887 0.841 1.728 0.898 TCTP Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 BTK 86 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 AMPM2 IGFBP-2 BTK 0.878 0.855 1.733 0.904 SCFsR C9 CDK5-p35 Ubiquitin + 1 87 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC 0.878 0.838 1.716 0.899 SCFsR PARC Renin FGF-17 88 LDH-H1 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR 0.873 0.861 1.734 0.908 LRIG3 BTK PTN BMP-1 89 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB PTN 0.859 0.878 1.737 0.909 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 Endostatin CD30Ligand 90 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand PTN Contactin-5 0.892 0.847 1.739 0.903 SCFsR Kallikrein7 RAC1 C1s 91 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR PTN 0.897 0.849 1.746 0.902 FYN Kallikrein7 BTK C9 92 SCFsR ERBB1 BTK IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 0.859 0.872 1.731 0.906 Kallikrein7 AMPM2 IL-15Ra PARC 93 sL-Selectin CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.864 0.866 1.73 0.904 PTN GAPDH, liver MEK1 C1s 94 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.887 0.847 1.734 0.907 SCFsR MIP-5 RAC1 CK-MB 95 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.864 0.872 1.736 0.913 HSP90a Midkine CD30Ligand CDK5-p35 96 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.878 0.849 1.727 0.906 TCTP PTN LDH-H1 CNDP1 97 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI sL-Selectin PTN 0.906 0.827 1.733 0.902 SCFsR BTK C9 Ubiquitin + 1 98 CK-MB SCFsR CSK ERBB1 KPCI 0.878 0.838 1.716 0.897 PARC HSP90a Prothrombin BLC 99 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 HSP90a PTN LRIG3 0.873 0.861 1.734 0.909 PARC RAC1 IGFBP-2 FGF-17 100 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand PTN Contactin-5 0.883 0.855 1.738 0.906 SCFsR Kallikrein7 BTK C9 Marker Count Marker Count SCFsR 91 LDH-H1 10 PTN 84 CSK 10 Kallikrein7 84 sL-Selectin  9 IGFBP-2 73 FGF-17  9 CD30Ligand 52 Endostatin  9 KPCI 40 Contactin-5  9 PARC 39 CNDP1  9 HSP90a 39 BMP-1  9 LRIG3 37 BLC  9 ERBB1 33 AMPM2  9 GAPDH, liver 25 Ubiquitin + 1  8 BTK 22 UBE2N  8 CK-MB 21 TCTP  8 CDK5-p35 20 Renin  8 C9 20 Midkine  8 RAC1 19 MIP-5  8 C1s 13 MEK1  8 Prothrombin 12 IL-15Ra  8 CyclophilinA 12 FYN  8

TABLE 22 100 Panels of 10 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.883 0.864 1.746 0.917 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 BTK CK-MB 2 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC 0.892 0.844 1.736 0.901 SCFsR PARC Renin CDK5-p35 HSP90a 3 PARC SCFsR HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 0.887 0.866 1.754 0.92 Prothrombin LRIG3 RAC1 BMP-1 Kallikrein7 4 BTK RAC1 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 0.873 0.886 1.76 0.925 PTN SCFsR sL-Selectin C1s PARC 5 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB PTN 0.878 0.875 1.753 0.914 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 Endostatin C1s BTK 6 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR 0.892 0.861 1.753 0.906 KPCI HSP90a PARC C9 Contactin-5 7 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand 0.892 0.864 1.756 0.923 PTN PARC Midkine sL-Selectin RAC1 8 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.883 0.881 1.763 0.925 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 BTK Renin CD30Ligand 9 PARC GAPDH, liver SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.883 0.869 1.752 0.915 CNDP1 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 IL-15Ra FYN 10 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.887 0.869 1.757 0.92 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand BTK Renin LDH-H1 11 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN CD30Ligand 0.854 0.892 1.747 0.914 BTK sL-Selectin Kallikrein7 PARC MEK1 12 IGFBP-2 SCFsR RAC1 C1s Kallikrein7 0.869 0.878 1.746 0.923 PARC GAPDH, liver PTN MIP-5 LRIG3 13 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.91 Prothrombin CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 TCTP LRIG3 14 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s 0.906 0.847 1.753 0.905 Kallikrein7 Prothrombin CD30Ligand Renin UBE2N 15 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI sCFsR LRIG3 0.901 0.849 1.751 0.906 C9 IGFBP-2 BTK PTN Ubiquitin + 1 16 BTK AMPM2 C9 SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.883 0.864 1.746 0.914 PTN IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand ERBB1 CDK5-p35 17 CyclophilinA HSP90a ERBB1 SCFsR PARC 0.84 0.892 1.732 0.917 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CDK5-p35 CK-MB BLC 18 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.864 0.886 1.75 0.925 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand BTK Renin BMP-1 19 SCFsR ERBB1 CSK PTN IGFBP-2 0.887 0.858 1.745 0.916 Kallikrein7 CNDP1 C9 GAPDH, liver Ubiquitin + 1 20 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR 0.859 0.886 1.746 0.923 BTK ERBB1 Kallikrein7 Contactin-5 PARC 21 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN LRIG3 0.864 0.886 1.75 0.917 CNDP1 IGFBP-2 Endostatin BTK CK-MB 22 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.883 0.869 1.752 0.926 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver sL-Selectin 23 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 0.883 0.869 1.752 0.919 LRIG3 SCFsR C9 UBE2N FYN 24 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.897 0.847 1.743 0.9 SCFsR C9 CSK Prothrombin IL-15Ra 25 LDH-H1 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.91 LRIG3 BTK PTN GAPDH, liver CNDP1 26 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA PTN ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.883 0.864 1.746 0.912 SCFsR Kallikrein7 MEK1 CDK5-p35 IGFBP-2 27 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.897 0.849 1.746 0.906 SCFsR CDK5-p35 MIP-5 RAC1 LRIG3 28 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN CD30Ligand 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.924 BTK sL-Selectin Kallikrein7 PARC Midkine 29 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.906 SCFsR C9 LRIG3 sL-Selectin TCTP 30 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.873 0.872 1.745 0.919 CD30Ligand Renin BTK CK-MB PARC 31 PTN SCFsR RAC1 HSP90a IGFBP-2 0.864 0.866 1.73 0.918 C1s CDK5-p35 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 BLC 32 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 0.859 0.889 1.748 0.92 LRIG3 sL-Selectin Prothrombin SCFsR BMP-1 33 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand PTN Contactin-5 0.887 0.858 1.745 0.905 SCFsR Kallikrein7 BTK C9 Ubiquitin + 1 34 CD30Ligand SCFsR KPCI C9 BTK 0.901 0.847 1.748 0.904 PTN Kallikrein7 Prothrombin Endostatin IGFBP-2 35 PARC GAPDH, liver HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 0.869 0.881 1.749 0.919 LRIG3 sL-Selectin Prothrombin FGF-17 SCFsR 36 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN KPCI 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.906 IGFBP-2 FYN CD30Ligand Renin PARC 37 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.887 0.855 1.742 0.906 LRIG3 SCFsR IL-15Ra BTK C9 38 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.92 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver sL-Selectin C1s LDH-H1 39 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 0.873 0.869 1.743 0.909 SCFsR LDH-H1 Renin Kallikrein7 MEK1 40 CD30Ligand KPCI PTN LRIG3 Kallikrein7 0.901 0.844 1.745 0.903 MIP-5 SCFsR IGFBP-2 GAPDH, liver FGF-17 41 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.878 0.872 1.75 0.922 Kallikrein7 Midkine CD30Ligand BTK Renin 42 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.887 0.855 1.742 0.908 SCFsR C9 LRIG3 TCTP Renin 43 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 0.859 0.889 1.748 0.926 CK-MB SCFsR UBE2N PARC Renin 44 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.883 0.861 1.743 0.915 CD30Ligand Renin BTK Midkine CK-MB 45 CD30Ligand SCFsR ERBB1 CyclophilinA PTN 0.864 0.861 1.725 0.916 IGFBP-2 RAC1 Kallikrein7 BLC sL-Selectin 46 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.873 0.872 1.745 0.92 HSP90a Kallikrein7 LRIG3 FGF-17 BMP-1 47 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN 0.901 0.844 1.745 0.909 Prothrombin CD30Ligand Ubiquitin + 1 Kallikrein7 CSK 48 FGF-17 SCFsR ERBB1 BTK IGFBP-2 0.864 0.881 1.745 0.921 Kallikrein7 PARC RAC1 PTN Contactin-5 49 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.869 0.878 1.746 0.923 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand BTK Endostatin sL-Selectin 50 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC sL-Selectin 0.873 0.875 1.748 0.922 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 Midkine FYN SCFsR 51 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.887 0.855 1.742 0.9 LRIG3 SCFsR FGF-17 CyclophilinA IL-15Ra 52 LDH-H1 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR 0.892 0.849 1.741 0.901 LRIG3 BTK PTN GAPDH, liver MEK1 53 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.904 SCFsR C9 CSK MIP-5 CDK5-p35 54 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 HSP90a PTN LRIG3 0.869 0.872 1.741 0.912 PARC ERBB1 LDH-H1 SCFsR TCTP 55 PTN SCFsR UBE2N IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.873 0.875 1.748 0.912 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 GAPDH, liver FGF-17 56 SCFsR ERBB1 CSK PTN IGFBP-2 0.887 0.852 1.74 0.912 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand C9 AMPM2 CDK5-p35 57 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR 0.864 0.861 1.725 0.918 Kallikrein7 GAPDH, liver ERBB1 BTK BLC 58 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.906 SCFsR CDK5-p35 C1s RAC1 Contactin-5 59 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR LRIG3 0.883 0.864 1.746 0.908 PTN BTK Kallikrein7 Endostatin C9 60 PTN SCFsR GAPDH, liver HSP90a C9 0.878 0.869 1.747 0.921 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 FYN Kallikrein7 PARC 61 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.887 0.855 1.742 0.904 SCFsR C9 CSK LRIG3 IL-15Ra 62 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 0.878 0.861 1.739 0.897 Prothrombin C1s SCFsR Renin MEK1 63 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.901 0.841 1.742 0.906 SCFsR C9 RAC1 BTK MIP-5 64 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN 0.897 0.844 1.74 0.911 Prothrombin CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 TCTP Contactin-5 65 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN 0.901 0.847 1.748 0.913 Prothrombin CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 UBE2N FGF-17 66 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s 0.892 0.858 1.75 0.903 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 Prothrombin CD30Ligand Ubiquitin + 1 67 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s 0.878 0.861 1.739 0.896 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 Prothrombin CD30Ligand AMPM2 68 Kallikrein7 GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CD30Ligand PTN 0.869 0.855 1.724 0.913 FGF-17 CyclophilinA SCFsR LDH-H1 BLC 69 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 HSP90a PTN LRIG3 0.864 0.881 1.745 0.915 PARC ERBB1 LDH-H1 SCFsR UBE2N 70 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR 0.873 0.875 1.748 0.916 FGF-17 GAPDH, liver LRIG3 CNDP1 Kallikrein7 71 CK-MB ERBB1 HSP90a PARC BTK 0.873 0.872 1.745 0.915 Kallikrein7 Endostatin Prothrombin LRIG3 SCFsR 72 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA PTN ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 0.883 0.864 1.746 0.915 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 SCFsR FYN sL-Selectin 73 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR 0.873 0.866 1.74 0.918 Kallikrein7 GAPDH, liver ERBB1 BTK IL-15Ra 74 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN LRIG3 0.883 0.855 1.738 0.894 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin KPCI CD30Ligand MEK1 75 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN LRIG3 0.892 0.849 1.741 0.908 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin KPCI MIP-5 CK-MB 76 PTN KPCI IGFBP-2 Prothrombin HSP90a 0.883 0.866 1.749 0.904 SCFsR CD30Ligand LRIG3 Midkine PARC 77 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.873 0.866 1.74 0.909 TCTP PTN C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand 78 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.901 0.847 1.748 0.905 SCFsR Ubiquitin + 1 BTK C9 CDK5-p35 79 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI sL-Selectin PTN 0.892 0.847 1.739 0.902 SCFsR BTK C9 IGFBP-2 AMPM2 80 CD30Ligand SCFsR ERBB1 CyclophilinA PTN 0.859 0.861 1.72 0.916 IGFBP-2 RAC1 Kallikrein7 BLC Midkine 81 CyclophilinA HSP90a ERBB1 SCFsR PARC 0.854 0.889 1.744 0.918 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 PTN C1s 82 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 ERBB1 BTK PTN 0.887 0.861 1.748 0.918 RAC1 SCFsR GAPDH, liver FGF-17 CNDP1 83 IGFBP-2 CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 Ubiquitin + 1 0.854 0.889 1.744 0.915 SCFsR PARC CK-MB CD30Ligand Contactin-5 84 CK-MB Kallikrein7 HSP90a PARC CDK5-p35 0.873 0.872 1.745 0.918 ERBB1 BTK Endostatin SCFsR Prothrombin 85 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s 0.911 0.835 1.746 0.905 Kallikrein7 Prothrombin CD30Ligand Renin FYN 86 PARC GAPDH, liver SCFsR HSP90a PTN 0.887 0.852 1.74 0.915 CNDP1 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 IL-15Ra CyclophilinA 87 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.878 0.858 1.736 0.898 SCFsR MEK1 LRIG3 Midkine C9 88 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR 0.906 0.835 1.741 0.904 Kallikrein7 KPCI Renin MIP-5 Prothrombin 89 CD30Ligand KPCI PTN SCFsR C9 0.887 0.852 1.74 0.9 TCTP Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 FGF-17 HSP90a 90 PTN SCFsR UBE2N IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.892 0.855 1.747 0.911 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver C1s Prothrombin 91 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.873 0.864 1.737 0.915 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 BTK PARC 92 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.85 0.869 1.719 0.921 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA Renin BLC 93 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB PTN 0.869 0.875 1.744 0.915 Kallikrein7 RAC1 Endostatin BMP-1 Prothrombin 94 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.907 SCFsR C9 CSK sL-Selectin LRIG3 95 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR 0.869 0.875 1.744 0.922 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand BTK Renin Contactin-5 96 IGFBP-2 CyclophilinA ERBB1 Kallikrein7 Ubiquitin + 1 0.859 0.886 1.746 0.918 SCFsR PARC CK-MB FYN CD30Ligand 97 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN CyclophilinA SCFsR 0.887 0.852 1.74 0.905 KPCI LRIG3 Kallikrein7 C9 IL-15Ra 98 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN CyclophilinA SCFsR 0.878 0.858 1.736 0.898 KPCI LRIG3 Kallikrein7 C9 MEK1 99 BTK RAC1 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 0.873 0.866 1.74 0.923 PTN SCFsR PARC MIP-5 CDK5-p35 100 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.887 0.852 1.74 0.91 TCTP PTN C9 LDH-H1 FGF-17 Marker Count Marker Count SCFsR 98 FGF-17 14 Kallikrein7 95 CK-MB 14 PTN 94 LDH-H1 12 IGFBP-2 81 CDK5-p35 12 CD30Ligand 69 CNDP1  9 LRIG3 45 Ubiquitin + 1  8 PARC 41 TCTP  8 BTK 35 Midkine  8 KPCI 34 MIP-5  8 C9 32 MEK1  8 RAC1 31 IL-15Ra  8 HSP90a 31 FYN  8 ERBB1 29 Endostatin  8 GAPDH, liver 27 Contactin-5  8 Prothrombin 22 CSK  8 Renin 17 BMP-1  8 C1s 17 BLC  8 sL-Selectin 15 AMPM2  8 CyclophilinA 15 UBE2N  7

TABLE 23 100 Panels of 11 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.892 0.858 1.75 0.912 LRIG3 C9 BTK sL-Selectin GAPDH, liver 2 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC SCFsR 0.892 0.847 1.739 0.9 PARC Renin CDK5-p35 HSP90a BTK 3 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.878 0.875 1.753 0.921 sL-Selectin Prothrombin SCFsR BMP-1 BTK 4 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB PTN GAPDH, liver 0.892 0.872 1.764 0.916 Kallikrein7 Endostatin C1s sL-Selectin BTK 5 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s RAC1 0.892 0.861 1.753 0.918 PARC C9 Kallikrein7 UBE2N Contactin-5 6 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand PTN 0.887 0.872 1.759 0.921 Renin HSP90a PARC CK-MB LDH-H1 7 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB PTN GAPDH, liver 0.892 0.869 1.761 0.912 Kallikrein7 Endostatin FGF-17 BTK sL-Selectin 8 BTK RAC1 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 PTN 0.878 0.886 1.764 0.922 SCFsR sL-Selectin CD30Ligand PARC FYN 9 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.907 C9 CSK LRIG3 IL-15Ra sL-Selectin 10 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.887 0.869 1.757 0.909 LDH-H1 Renin Kallikrein7 BTK MEK1 11 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN C1s 0.901 0.849 1.751 0.916 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 Prothrombin MIP-5 CDK5-p35 12 BTK RAC1 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 PTN 0.869 0.889 1.758 0.924 SCFsR PARC Midkine sL-Selectin CD30Ligand 13 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 HSP90a PTN LRIG3 PARC 0.878 0.872 1.75 0.912 ERBB1 LDH-H1 SCFsR TCTP Endostatin 14 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR KPCI 0.901 0.852 1.754 0.91 CD30Ligand Renin C9 CDK5-p35 Ubiquitin + 1 15 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PARC PTN BTK 0.887 0.861 1.748 0.915 SCFsR Kallikrein7 CNDP1 AMPM2 Renin 16 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC SCFsR 0.897 0.841 1.738 0.896 PARC Renin CDK5-p35 HSP90a TCTP 17 FGF-17 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 RAC1 C9 LDH-H1 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.915 SCFsR BTK IGFBP-2 PARC Contactin-5 18 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.878 0.881 1.759 0.926 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA Renin C1s FGF-17 19 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s Kallikrein7 0.887 0.872 1.759 0.907 Prothrombin CD30Ligand C9 PARC FYN 20 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.873 0.875 1.748 0.925 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA sL-Selectin IL-15Ra CK-MB 21 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN C1s 0.897 0.852 1.749 0.907 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 Prothrombin MIP-5 MEK1 22 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.873 0.884 1.757 0.923 Midkine CD30Ligand BTK sL-Selectin Endostatin 23 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s RAC1 0.892 0.869 1.761 0.923 PARC C9 Kallikrein7 UBE2N CD30Ligand 24 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.906 0.847 1.753 0.908 C9 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 Ubiquitin + 1 BTK 25 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.869 0.878 1.746 0.918 LRIG3 C9 BTK Endostatin CK-MB 26 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC SCFsR 0.887 0.847 1.734 0.899 PARC Renin CDK5-p35 HSP90a CyclophilinA 27 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.869 0.884 1.752 0.923 sL-Selectin FYN C1s Prothrombin BMP-1 28 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR BTK 0.864 0.886 1.75 0.921 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 Contactin-5 PARC Prothrombin 29 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN CyclophilinA SCFsR KPCI 0.901 0.847 1.748 0.906 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 C9 IL-15Ra CDK5-p35 30 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI SCFsR LRIG3 C9 0.887 0.861 1.748 0.9 IGFBP-2 BTK PTN MEK1 Contactin-5 31 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.897 0.852 1.749 0.909 CDK5-p35 MIP-5 RAC1 LRIG3 C9 32 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand PTN 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.912 Renin C1s KPCI CK-MB Midkine 33 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s Kallikrein7 0.892 0.858 1.75 0.906 Prothrombin CD30Ligand C9 PARC TCTP 34 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI sL-Selectin PTN SCFsR 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.909 BTK C9 IGFBP-2 UBE2N C1s 35 BTK GAPDH, liver ERBB1 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 PTN 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.918 C1s SCFsR CDK5-p35 Ubiquitin + 1 LDH-H1 36 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.883 0.864 1.746 0.918 LRIG3 C9 BTK sL-Selectin PARC 37 PARC SCFsR HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 0.864 0.869 1.733 0.921 LRIG3 RAC1 BMP-1 Kallikrein7 BLC 38 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.883 0.875 1.758 0.918 CD30Ligand BTK CNDP1 Renin FYN 39 BTK RAC1 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 PTN 0.878 0.878 1.756 0.921 SCFsR PARC LDH-H1 FGF-17 Midkine 40 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN CyclophilinA SCFsR KPCI 0.897 0.849 1.746 0.908 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 C9 IL-15Ra sL-Selectin 41 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand PTN 0.878 0.869 1.747 0.906 Renin C1s LDH-H1 sL-Selectin MEK1 42 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand PTN Contactin-5 SCFsR 0.901 0.847 1.748 0.904 Kallikrein7 RAC1 MIP-5 C1s Prothrombin 43 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.887 0.861 1.748 0.906 C9 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 TCTP Endostatin 44 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN Prothrombin 0.883 0.872 1.755 0.92 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 UBE2N sL-Selectin Endostatin 45 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s Kallikrein7 0.897 0.852 1.749 0.91 LRIG3 Prothrombin CD30Ligand CK-MB Ubiquitin + 1 46 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.897 0.849 1.746 0.905 LRIG3 C9 BTK sL-Selectin KPCI 47 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PARC PTN BTK 0.854 0.878 1.732 0.916 SCFsR Kallikrein7 ERBB1 LDH-H1 BLC 48 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR HSP90a 0.869 0.884 1.752 0.921 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 BMP-1 Renin FYN 49 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN C1s 0.901 0.852 1.754 0.919 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 CNDP1 BTK sL-Selectin 50 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s Kallikrein7 0.897 0.864 1.76 0.907 Prothrombin CD30Ligand C9 CSK PARC 51 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.869 0.886 1.755 0.924 FGF-17 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver sL-Selectin Endostatin 52 PTN SCFsR RAC1 HSP90a IGFBP-2 C1s 0.864 0.881 1.745 0.923 CDK5-p35 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 PARC IL-15Ra 53 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI SCFsR LRIG3 C9 0.887 0.855 1.742 0.898 IGFBP-2 BTK PTN MEK1 UBE2N 54 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN C1s 0.901 0.847 1.748 0.914 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 Prothrombin MIP-5 FGF-17 55 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC sL-Selectin CD30Ligand 0.873 0.881 1.754 0.919 Kallikrein7 Prothrombin SCFsR Midkine Endostatin 56 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.883 0.861 1.743 0.91 C9 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 TCTP Renin 57 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI SCFsR LRIG3 C9 0.897 0.852 1.749 0.909 IGFBP-2 BTK PTN Ubiquitin + 1 CNDP1 58 BTK AMPM2 C9 SCFsR Kallikrein7 PTN 0.873 0.872 1.745 0.918 IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand ERBB1 CDK5-p35 PARC 59 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.883 0.849 1.732 0.912 LRIG3 C9 BTK sL-Selectin BLC 60 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR HSP90a 0.883 0.869 1.752 0.919 Prothrombin FGF-17 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 BMP-1 61 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.915 0.841 1.756 0.906 C9 CDK5-p35 CSK Prothrombin Renin 62 CD30Ligand SCFsR ERBB1 CyclophilinA PTN IGFBP-2 0.883 0.866 1.749 0.92 RAC1 Kallikrein7 Contactin-5 PARC Prothrombin 63 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR HSP90a 0.878 0.881 1.759 0.922 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand PARC FYN C9 64 CyclophilinA HSP90a ERBB1 SCFsR PARC IGFBP-2 0.864 0.881 1.745 0.917 Kallikrein7 CDK5-p35 sL-Selectin CK-MB IL-15Ra 65 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI SCFsR LRIG3 C9 0.887 0.855 1.742 0.9 IGFBP-2 BTK PTN MEK1 Ubiquitin + 1 66 IGFBP-2 SCFsR RAC1 C1s Kallikrein7 PARC 0.878 0.869 1.747 0.923 GAPDH, liver PTN MIP-5 LRIG3 Prothrombin 67 FGF-17 SCFsR ERBB1 BTK IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.922 PARC RAC1 sL-Selectin Midkine PTN 68 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 TCTP 0.883 0.861 1.743 0.911 PTN C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin 69 CD30Ligand sL-Selectin GAPDH, liver PTN IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.883 0.872 1.755 0.929 PARC SCFsR UBE2N C1s CDK5-p35 70 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC SCFsR 0.883 0.849 1.732 0.903 PARC Renin CDK5-p35 HSP90a Prothrombin 71 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 HSP90a PTN LRIG3 PARC 0.859 0.892 1.751 0.914 ERBB1 LDH-H1 SCFsR FYN C9 72 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN C1s 0.892 0.861 1.753 0.919 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 CNDP1 BTK IGFBP-2 73 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR KPCI 0.883 0.866 1.749 0.911 CD30Ligand Renin CK-MB HSP90a Contactin-5 74 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.905 C9 RAC1 BTK CDK5-p35 IL-15Ra 75 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.887 0.855 1.742 0.906 LDH-H1 Renin Kallikrein7 HSP90a MEK1 76 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s RAC1 0.892 0.855 1.747 0.913 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 Prothrombin MIP-5 77 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN CD30Ligand BTK 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.921 PARC Kallikrein7 FYN sL-Selectin Midkine 78 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.892 0.849 1.741 0.907 C9 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 TCTP sL-Selectin 79 PTN SCFsR UBE2N IGFBP-2 LRIG3 LDH-H1 0.878 0.875 1.753 0.919 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 C9 Prothrombin PARC 80 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR PTN BTK 0.901 0.847 1.748 0.902 Prothrombin C9 Kallikrein7 Ubiquitin + 1 LRIG3 81 BTK AMPM2 C9 SCFsR Kallikrein7 PTN 0.887 0.858 1.745 0.912 IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand ERBB1 CDK5-p35 CyclophilinA 82 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA 0.859 0.872 1.731 0.923 PARC PTN CK-MB GAPDH, liver BLC 83 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 HSP90a PTN LRIG3 PARC 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.917 ERBB1 LDH-H1 SCFsR UBE2N CDK5-p35 84 CD30Ligand SCFsR ERBB1 CyclophilinA Kallikrein7 GAPDH, liver 0.883 0.869 1.752 0.918 CDK5-p35 PTN C1s UBE2N CNDP1 85 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 CSK 0.873 0.875 1.748 0.916 C9 PARC sL-Selectin PTN CNDP1 86 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s UBE2N 0.887 0.861 1.748 0.914 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 Prothrombin Contactin-5 87 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR sL-Selectin 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.91 KPCI Kallikrein7 LRIG3 IL-15Ra C9 88 BTK GAPDH, liver ERBB1 CD30Ligand PTN SCFsR 0.878 0.864 1.742 0.913 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 UBE2N CDK5-p35 MEK1 89 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN C1s 0.883 0.864 1.746 0.919 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 Prothrombin MIP-5 sL-Selectin 90 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin SCFsR 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.919 CK-MB LDH-H1 PARC Renin Midkine 91 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s CD30Ligand 0.883 0.858 1.741 0.91 Kallikrein7 TCTP C9 sL-Selectin PARC 92 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.892 0.855 1.747 0.907 Ubiquitin + 1 BTK C9 FGF-17 LRIG3 93 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.883 0.861 1.743 0.911 LRIG3 C9 BTK sL-Selectin CNDP1 94 CSK KPCI ERBB1 CK-MB BLC SCFsR 0.887 0.844 1.731 0.908 PARC Renin CDK5-p35 HSP90a PTN 95 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.864 0.886 1.75 0.923 CD30Ligand BTK CNDP1 BMP-1 Renin 96 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR KPCI 0.887 0.861 1.748 0.908 HSP90a PARC CDK5-p35 C9 Contactin-5 97 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.883 0.875 1.758 0.919 CD30Ligand HSP90a LRIG3 C9 FYN 98 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.905 SCFsR IL-15Ra BTK C9 RAC1 99 LDH-H1 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR LRIG3 0.892 0.849 1.741 0.904 BTK PTN GAPDH, liver MEK1 CDK5-p35 100 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.897 0.849 1.746 0.908 MIP-5 GAPDH, liver C9 FYN sL-Selectin Marker Count Marker Count SCFsR 98 LDH-H1 17 PTN 94 CK-MB 16 Kallikrein7 94 CyclophilinA 13 IGFBP-2 79 UBE2N 11 CD30Ligand 70 CNDP1 11 PARC 50 FYN 10 C9 50 MIP-5  9 LRIG3 45 MEK1  9 BTK 43 IL-15Ra  9 RAC1 37 FGF-17  9 KPCI 36 Endostatin  9 sL-Selectin 31 Contactin-5  9 HSP90a 29 CSK  9 C1s 28 BMP-1  9 ERBB1 27 BLC  9 Prothrombin 26 AMPM2  9 CDK5-p35 26 Ubiquitin + 1  8 GAPDH, liver 25 TCTP  8 Renin 20 Midkine  8

TABLE 24 100 Panels of 12 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Sens. + Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Spec. AUC 1 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.883 0.878 1.76 0.922 LRIG3 C9 BTK PARC CK-MB C1s 2 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 HSP90a PTN LRIG3 PARC 0.859 0.884 1.743 0.916 ERBB1 LDH-H1 SCFsR UBE2N CDK5-p35 BLC 3 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.897 0.866 1.763 0.915 LDH-H1 Renin Kallikrein7 BTK CNDP1 Prothrombin 4 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.887 0.869 1.757 0.925 LDH-H1 LRIG3 CK-MB PARC Renin CSK 5 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s RAC1 0.906 0.855 1.761 0.913 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 Prothrombin MIP-5 Contactin-5 6 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN ERBB1 CyclophilinA 0.873 0.889 1.762 0.924 IGFBP-2 CK-MB PARC LDH-H1 LRIG3 C1s 7 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN Prothrombin 0.897 0.869 1.766 0.919 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 UBE2N sL-Selectin Endostatin FYN 8 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.897 0.864 1.76 0.922 FGF-17 CD30Ligand LDH-H1 Renin BTK GAPDH, liver 9 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI sL-Selectin PTN SCFsR 0.897 0.858 1.755 0.908 BTK C9 IGFBP-2 UBE2N LRIG3 IL-15Ra 10 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR KPCI 0.911 0.847 1.757 0.901 CD30Ligand HSP90a C9 Prothrombin Renin MEK1 11 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.883 0.881 1.763 0.92 sL-Selectin Prothrombin SCFsR BMP-1 BTK Midkine 12 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.91 C9 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 TCTP Renin Ubiquitin + 1 13 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.883 0.872 1.755 0.921 LRIG3 C9 BTK PARC CK-MB Midkine 14 SCFsR C9 UBE2N CD30Ligand PTN KPCI 0.901 0.841 1.742 0.905 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin BTK LRIG3 BLC 15 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s CD30Ligand 0.897 0.864 1.76 0.909 Kallikrein7 RAC1 CNDP1 LRIG3 Endostatin Prothrombin 16 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR GAPDH, liver 0.887 0.869 1.757 0.916 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 Renin FGF-17 Prothrombin 17 CD30Ligand SCFsR KPCI C9 BTK PTN 0.906 0.855 1.761 0.91 Kallikrein7 C1s IGFBP-2 sL-Selectin RAC1 Contactin-5 18 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR KPCI 0.901 0.861 1.762 0.909 CD30Ligand Renin C9 CDK5-p35 CyclophilinA LRIG3 19 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.883 0.878 1.76 0.916 LDH-H1 Renin Kallikrein7 C1s FYN Prothrombin 20 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.897 0.858 1.755 0.91 C9 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 BTK IL-15Ra sL-Selectin 21 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.873 0.881 1.754 0.91 LDH-H1 Renin Kallikrein7 C1s Prothrombin MEK1 22 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN C1s 0.897 0.858 1.755 0.917 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 Prothrombin MIP-5 sL-Selectin FYN 23 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.892 0.858 1.75 0.907 C9 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 TCTP Renin BTK 24 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s RAC1 0.897 0.869 1.766 0.927 PARC C9 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 sL-Selectin Ubiquitin + 1 25 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.883 0.872 1.755 0.918 LRIG3 C9 BTK sL-Selectin PARC C1s 26 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR PTN BTK 0.897 0.841 1.738 0.907 Prothrombin C9 Kallikrein7 Ubiquitin + 1 LRIG3 BLC 27 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 0.915 0.858 1.773 0.908 C1s SCFsR BMP-1 Renin RAC1 CD30Ligand 28 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR HSP90a 0.901 0.858 1.759 0.919 Prothrombin FGF-17 C1s GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 CNDP1 29 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR GAPDH, liver 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.917 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 Renin sL-Selectin Prothrombin 30 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 LRIG3 0.887 0.869 1.757 0.918 SCFsR C9 UBE2N RAC1 CD30Ligand Contactin-5 31 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 C1s C9 0.883 0.878 1.76 0.922 GAPDH, liver PARC PTN LDH-H1 LRIG3 sL-Selectin 32 BTK RAC1 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 PTN 0.869 0.889 1.758 0.926 SCFsR PARC C1s CD30Ligand sL-Selectin Prothrombin 33 Prothrombin IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN GAPDH, liver SCFsR 0.887 0.872 1.759 0.92 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 PARC FYN Endostatin sL-Selectin 34 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.901 0.852 1.754 0.908 C9 CDK5-p35 CSK LRIG3 IL-15Ra sL-Selectin 35 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 0.906 0.847 1.753 0.9 C1s SCFsR Renin BTK C9 MEK1 36 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.901 0.852 1.754 0.908 C9 RAC1 BTK MIP-5 LRIG3 CDK5-p35 37 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC sL-Selectin CD30Ligand 0.878 0.881 1.759 0.919 Kallikrein7 Prothrombin SCFsR FYN Midkine Endostatin 38 IGFBP2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s Kallikrein7 0.887 0.861 1.748 0.907 Prothrombin CD30Ligand C9 PARC TCTP LRIG3 39 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.901 0.852 1.754 0.915 LRIG3 C9 BTK LDH-H1 Prothrombin CK-MB 40 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.869 0.866 1.735 0.924 FGF-17 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver Renin CyclophilinA BLC 41 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 0.901 0.858 1.759 0.909 C1s SCFsR BMP-1 Renin BTK CDK5-p35 42 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.873 0.884 1.757 0.921 CD30Ligand FYN Renin BTK BMP-1 CNDP1 43 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN KPCI CD30Ligand 0.897 0.858 1.755 0.91 IGFBP-2 Renin CDK5-p35 BTK BMP-1 Contactin-5 44 BTK RAC1 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 PTN 0.873 0.884 1.757 0.926 SCFsR PARC Midkine sL-Selectin C1s CDK5-p35 45 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN CyclophilinA SCFsR KPCI 0.901 0.852 1.754 0.907 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 C9 IL-15Ra sL-Selectin BTK 46 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN C1s 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.91 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 Prothrombin LRIG3 sL-Selectin MEK1 47 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR LRIG3 PTN 0.901 0.852 1.754 0.911 UBE2N Kallikrein7 C9 CDK5-p35 sL-Selectin MIP-5 48 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 TCTP 0.883 0.864 1.746 0.91 PTN C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin Contactin-5 49 BTK GAPDH, liver C9 SCFsR Kallikrein7 PARC 0.887 0.869 1.757 0.923 IGFBP-2 PTN CD30Ligand LRIG3 Ubiquitin + 1 LDH-H1 50 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.869 0.884 1.752 0.922 LRIG3 C9 BTK PARC CK-MB Endostatin 51 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 HSP90a PTN LRIG3 PARC 0.869 0.866 1.735 0.912 ERBB1 LDH-H1 CSK Endostatin SCFsR BLC 52 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN LRIG3 0.887 0.869 1.757 0.914 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 LDH-H1 BTK Endostatin CNDP1 53 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN CyclophilinA SCFsR KPCI 0.901 0.852 1.754 0.909 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 C9 IL-15Ra sL-Selectin CDK5-p35 54 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN Prothrombin 0.887 0.864 1.751 0.916 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 UBE2N IGFBP-2 PARC MEK1 55 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.906 0.847 1.753 0.906 CDK5-p35 C1s RAC1 MIP-5 C9 FYN 56 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR CDK5-p35 0.897 0.861 1.758 0.921 Kallikrein7 PARC FYN Renin HSP90a Midkine 57 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 TCTP 0.897 0.849 1.746 0.904 PTN C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin KPCI 58 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR Kallikrein7 CSK 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.911 PTN C1s C9 CDK5-p35 Ubiquitin + 1 Renin 59 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.883 0.869 1.752 0.92 LRIG3 C9 BTK sL-Selectin Renin PARC 60 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.859 0.875 1.734 0.921 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA Renin C1s Midkine BLC 61 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.892 0.864 1.756 0.924 FGF-17 BTK Renin CD30Ligand Ubiquitin + 1 CNDP1 62 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.878 0.875 1.753 0.924 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA sL-Selectin ERBB1 CDK5-p35 Contactin-5 63 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR sL-Selectin 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.908 KPCI Kallikrein7 LRIG3 IL-15Ra C9 BTK 64 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.878 0.872 1.75 0.912 CD30Ligand C1s LDH-H1 C9 Prothrombin MEK1 65 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.906 0.847 1.753 0.909 C9 RAC1 BTK MIP-5 sL-Selectin C1s 66 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.887 0.858 1.745 0.904 C9 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 TCTP Endostatin FYN 67 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.883 0.869 1.752 0.917 LRIG3 C9 BTK sL-Selectin CNDP1 PARC 68 BTK GAPDH, liver C9 SCFsR Kallikrein7 PARC 0.836 0.898 1.733 0.924 IGFBP-2 PTN CD30Ligand LRIG3 CK-MB BLC 69 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR Kallikrein7 CSK 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.915 PTN Renin CK-MB C1s Prothrombin PARC 70 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR HSP90a 0.878 0.875 1.753 0.922 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 BMP-1 Renin Prothrombin Contactin-5 71 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR HSP90a 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.92 Prothrombin FGF-17 C1s GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 C9 72 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s Kallikrein7 0.892 0.858 1.75 0.906 Prothrombin CD30Ligand C9 CSK PARC IL-15Ra 73 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.897 0.852 1.749 0.904 Ubiquitin + 1 sL-Selectin C9 BTK LRIG3 MEK1 74 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.883 0.869 1.752 0.923 FGF-17 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver Renin MIP-5 FYN 75 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR HSP90a 0.873 0.884 1.757 0.919 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 BMP-1 Renin Midkine CD30Ligand 76 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.883 0.861 1.743 0.909 C9 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 TCTP sL-Selectin C1s 77 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s CD30Ligand 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.908 Kallikrein7 AMPM2 BTK Prothrombin Renin CK-MB 78 LDH-H1 Kallikrein7 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR LRIG3 0.864 0.869 1.733 0.915 BTK PTN GAPDH, liver CNDP1 PARC BLC 79 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s CD30Ligand 0.906 0.847 1.753 0.906 Kallikrein7 RAC1 CNDP1 LRIG3 Prothrombin Contactin-5 80 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR 0.883 0.866 1.749 0.908 C9 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 BTK IL-15Ra Contactin-5 81 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.873 0.875 1.748 0.915 CD30Ligand BTK Renin C9 LDH-H1 MEK1 82 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN C1s 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.918 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 Prothrombin MIP-5 ERBB1 CyclophilinA 83 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.878 0.878 1.756 0.926 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA sL-Selectin C9 C1s Midkine 84 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 TCTP 0.883 0.861 1.743 0.911 PTN C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin Endostatin 85 CD30Ligand sL-Selectin GAPDH, liver PTN IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 0.892 0.872 1.764 0.924 PARC SCFsR UBE2N LRIG3 C9 HSP90a 86 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN LRIG3 IGFBP-2 0.892 0.864 1.756 0.92 Prothrombin PARC GAPDH, liver C1s CDK5-p35 Ubiquitin + 1 87 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.916 LRIG3 C9 BTK PARC FGF-17 Endostatin 88 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s RAC1 0.883 0.847 1.729 0.917 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 sL-Selectin Prothrombin BLC 89 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 0.911 0.844 1.755 0.907 C1s SCFsR BMP-1 Renin CDK5-p35 CSK 90 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR GAPDH, liver 0.883 0.866 1.749 0.916 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 Renin Prothrombin IL-15Ra 91 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI SCFsR LRIG3 C9 0.901 0.847 1.748 0.902 IGFBP-2 BTK PTN MEK1 Ubiquitin + 1 CDK5-p35 92 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN C1s 0.911 0.841 1.752 0.915 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 Prothrombin MIP-5 CDK5-p35 Midkine 93 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 TCTP 0.897 0.847 1.743 0.91 PTN C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin GAPDH, liver 94 SCFsR C9 UBE2N C1s PTN RAC1 0.901 0.861 1.762 0.927 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 GAPDH, liver sL-Selectin PARC 95 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.901 0.849 1.751 0.91 LRIG3 C9 BTK LDH-H1 Prothrombin sL-Selectin 96 LDH-H1 SCFsR HSP90a PTN ERBB1 PARC 0.845 0.884 1.729 0.923 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 CK-MB UBE2N IGFBP-2 BLC 97 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN C1s 0.892 0.864 1.756 0.919 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 CNDP1 BTK sL-Selectin FGF-17 98 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.883 0.869 1.752 0.922 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA sL-Selectin ERBB1 Prothrombin Contactin-5 99 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR LRIG3 PTN 0.897 0.852 1.749 0.91 UBE2N Kallikrein7 C9 CDK5-p35 sL-Selectin IL-15Ra 100 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.878 0.869 1.747 0.911 LRIG3 C9 BTK sL-Selectin PARC MEK1 Marker Count Marker Count SCFsR 100 ERBB1 14 PTN 100 UBE2N 11 Kallikrein7 100 CyclophilinA 11 IGFBP-2  87 AMPM2 11 CD30Ligand  83 MEK1 10 C9  63 IL-15Ra 10 LRIG3  60 FYN 10 PARC  47 FGF-17 10 Prothrombin  43 Endostatin 10 RAC1  42 Contactin-5 10 BTK  42 CSK 10 C1s  40 CNDP1 10 KPCI  36 CK-MB 10 sL-Selectin  35 BMP-1 10 Renin  30 BLC 10 GAPDH, liver  27 Ubiquitin + 1  9 HSP90a  25 TCTP  9 CDK5-p35  24 Midkine  9 LDH-H1  23 MIP-5  9

TABLE 25 100 Panels of 13 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Biomarkers 1 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin PARC 2 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR sL-Selectin C1s LDH-H1 Prothrombin 3 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 SCFsR BMP-1 Renin RAC1 4 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR CyclophilinA Renin C1s CK-MB 5 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Kallikrein7 CNDP1 BTK sL-Selectin 6 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR Kallikrein7 Renin CK-MB C1s Prothrombin 7 CD30Ligand C9 GAPDH, liver SCFsR PTN sL-Selectin Kallikrein7 UBE2N Endostatin 8 BTK RAC1 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 sL-Selectin C1s PARC C9 9 PTN LRIG3 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver PARC Prothrombin IGFBP-2 RAC1 C9 10 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver Renin BTK 11 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 SCFsR BMP-1 Renin RAC1 12 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Kallikrein7 Prothrombin MIP-5 ERBB1 13 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin 14 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 PARC C1s C9 15 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK Midkine CK-MB PARC 16 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver Renin CyclophilinA 17 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 Prothrombin C1s SCFsR CyclophilinA 18 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Kallikrein7 CNDP1 BTK sL-Selectin 19 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 CSK Prothrombin Renin 20 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB PTN Endostatin FGF-17 BTK sL-Selectin 21 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR Kallikrein7 LRIG3 IL-15Ra C9 22 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN GAPDH, liver FYN C9 C1s Kallikrein7 Prothrombin 23 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Kallikrein7 Prothrombin MIP-5 ERBB1 24 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin 25 CD30Ligand sL-Selectin GAPDH, liver PTN IGFBP-2 SCFsR UBE2N LRIG3 C9 26 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK PARC CK-MB 27 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 C1s BMP-1 CDK5-p35 28 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR LRIG3 IGFBP-2 Renin CDK5-p35 29 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR PARC Renin CD30Ligand BMP-1 30 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI sL-Selectin PTN C9 IGFBP-2 UBE2N LRIG3 31 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 BMP-1 Renin Prothrombin 32 SCFsR C9 UBE2N C1s PTN IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 PARC Prothrombin 33 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 RAC1 BTK MIP-5 LRIG3 34 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin 35 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK PARC CK-MB 36 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN CD30Ligand PARC Kallikrein7 CK-MB C1s 37 SCFsR ERBB1 CSK PTN IGFBP-2 C9 GAPDH, liver Ubiquitin + 1 FGF-17 38 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR BTK Endostatin C9 Prothrombin 39 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR LRIG3 IGFBP-2 Renin Prothrombin 40 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 C1s Prothrombin sL-Selectin 41 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 RAC1 BTK MIP-5 sL-Selectin 42 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 SCFsR BMP-1 Renin RAC1 43 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin PARC 44 CD30Ligand SCFsR ERBB1 CyclophilinA PTN Kallikrein7 PARC LDH-H1 Prothrombin 45 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 SCFsR CD30Ligand CK-MB Renin 46 LRIG3 CNDP1 HSP90a CK-MB PTN Endostatin C1s sL-Selectin FGF-17 47 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 C1s RAC1 C9 LRIG3 48 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 LRIG3 sL-Selectin BTK HSP90a 49 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR GAPDH, liver C1s LRIG3 LDH-H1 50 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR LRIG3 CK-MB PARC Renin 51 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 C9 UBE2N RAC1 C1s 52 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin Renin 53 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR LRIG3 CK-MB PARC Renin 54 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR HSP90a LRIG3 C9 FYN 55 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Kallikrein7 CNDP1 BTK sL-Selectin 56 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 sL-Selectin C9 BTK LRIG3 57 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin PARC 58 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR LRIG3 IGFBP-2 Renin Prothrombin 59 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Renin Kallikrein7 HSP90a Midkine 60 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin 61 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 PARC C1s C9 62 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s CD30Ligand Renin RAC1 HSP90a 63 SCFsR C9 UBE2N CD30Ligand PTN IGFBP-2 Prothrombin BTK C1s 64 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 CyclophilinA LRIG3 C1s 65 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN CD30Ligand PARC Kallikrein7 CK-MB C1s 66 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 CDK5-p35 Prothrombin 67 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR CyclophilinA sL-Selectin C9 C1s 68 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin 69 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK PARC FGF-17 70 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand LDH-H1 LRIG3 CK-MB PARC 71 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 C9 BTK sL-Selectin CNDP1 72 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR Kallikrein7 Renin CK-MB C1s Prothrombin 73 BTK GAPDH, liver C9 SCFsR Kallikrein7 PTN CD30Ligand RAC1 Contactin-5 74 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 C9 C1s Prothrombin 75 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR PARC Renin CD30Ligand LRIG3 76 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 Prothrombin Renin 77 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 UBE2N PARC Renin CD30Ligand 78 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 LRIG3 TCTP Renin 79 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin Renin 80 BTK GAPDH, liver ERBB1 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 SCFsR CDK5-p35 PARC RAC1 81 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Renin Kallikrein7 BTK CNDP1 82 Kallikrein7 BMP-1 HSP90a PTN LRIG3 LDH-H1 CSK Endostatin SCFsR 83 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 BMP-1 Renin Midkine 84 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR FGF-17 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 C9 85 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN Kallikrein7 UBE2N IGFBP-2 PARC 86 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 RAC1 BTK MIP-5 sL-Selectin 87 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 BMP-1 Renin Midkine 88 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 C9 BTK sL-Selectin CNDP1 89 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s CD30Ligand C9 CyclophilinA sL-Selectin 90 LDH-H1 SCFsR HSP90a PTN ERBB1 Kallikrein7 CK-MB CSK C1s 91 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s C9 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 sL-Selectin 92 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s LRIG3 LDH-H1 Prothrombin Kallikrein7 93 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN LRIG3 PARC FYN C1s RAC1 94 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR LRIG3 Kallikrein7 C9 CDK5-p35 sL-Selectin 95 PTN KPCI IGFBP-2 Prothrombin HSP90a Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand FYN C9 96 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR RAC1 PARC sL-Selectin C9 97 CD30Ligand KPCI PTN SCFsR HSP90a IGFBP-2 CK-MB Renin Kallikrein7 98 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin Renin 99 LDH-H1 SCFsR HSP90a PTN ERBB1 Kallikrein7 CK-MB UBE2N IGFBP-2 100 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin LDH-H1 PARC Renin C1s Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Sens. + Spec. AUC 1 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.887 0.875 1.762 0.919 CDK5-p35 C1s 2 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver 0.883 0.869 1.752 0.923 Kallikrein7 BLC 3 Prothrombin C1s 0.915 0.849 1.765 0.907 CD30Ligand FYN 4 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.887 0.881 1.768 0.926 Midkine LDH-H1 5 C1s GAPDH, liver 0.906 0.861 1.767 0.917 Prothrombin LRIG3 6 CSK PTN 0.901 0.858 1.759 0.915 PARC Midkine 7 CyclophilinA C1s 0.901 0.861 1.762 0.916 Prothrombin Contactin-5 8 PTN SCFsR 0.897 0.875 1.772 0.925 HSP90a LRIG3 9 HSP90a SCFsR 0.901 0.866 1.768 0.92 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 10 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 0.887 0.869 1.757 0.921 Prothrombin IL-15Ra 11 Prothrombin C1s 0.901 0.858 1.759 0.902 MEK1 CD30Ligand 12 C1s GAPDH, liver 0.911 0.849 1.76 0.916 FYN CyclophilinA 13 TCTP PTN 0.897 0.852 1.749 0.906 KPCI IGFBP-2 14 BTK sL-Selectin 0.901 0.861 1.762 0.924 Ubiquitin + 1 LDH-H1 15 CD30Ligand Renin 0.883 0.878 1.76 0.92 C1s LRIG3 16 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 0.873 0.872 1.745 0.927 C1s BLC 17 LRIG3 sL-Selectin 0.897 0.875 1.772 0.922 C9 CDK5-p35 18 C1s GAPDH, liver 0.915 0.849 1.765 0.92 Prothrombin Renin 19 SCFsR C9 0.906 0.852 1.758 0.916 C1s CK-MB 20 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 0.883 0.878 1.76 0.918 PARC Contactin-5 21 sL-Selectin KPCI 0.906 0.849 1.756 0.909 CDK5-p35 FYN 22 SCFsR RAC1 0.901 0.858 1.759 0.915 PARC MEK1 23 C1s GAPDH, liver 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.922 CyclophilinA PARC 24 TCTP PTN 0.906 0.841 1.747 0.902 KPCI Ubiquitin + 1 25 Kallikrein7 PARC 0.901 0.875 1.776 0.928 RAC1 C1s 26 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.887 0.872 1.759 0.921 FGF-17 Midkine 27 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.864 0.881 1.745 0.921 Prothrombin BLC 28 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 0.883 0.875 1.758 0.918 C1s Prothrombin 29 KPCI HSP90a 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.911 Prothrombin Contactin-5 30 SCFsR BTK 0.906 0.855 1.761 0.911 Endostatin CDK5-p35 31 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.878 0.875 1.753 0.923 IL-15Ra CDK5-p35 32 RAC1 CD30Ligand 0.906 0.849 1.756 0.912 Ubiquitin + 1 MEK1 33 SCFsR C9 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.91 CDK5-p35 CNDP1 34 TCTP PTN 0.897 0.849 1.746 0.905 KPCI BMP-1 35 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.887 0.872 1.759 0.92 Midkine FYN 36 BTK Renin 0.869 0.875 1.744 0.927 Ubiquitin + 1 BLC 37 Kallikrein7 CNDP1 0.897 0.861 1.758 0.916 LDH-H1 Contactin-5 38 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.887 0.872 1.759 0.92 sL-Selectin LDH-H1 39 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 0.878 0.875 1.753 0.917 IL-15Ra CDK5-p35 40 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.883 0.872 1.755 0.915 C9 MEK1 41 SCFsR C9 0.911 0.844 1.755 0.909 Prothrombin LRIG3 42 Prothrombin C1s 0.911 0.835 1.746 0.904 CD30Ligand TCTP 43 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.887 0.872 1.759 0.924 C1s CK-MB 44 IGFBP-2 RAC1 0.859 0.884 1.743 0.925 CK-MB BLC 45 Prothrombin C1s 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.912 BTK Contactin-5 46 Kallikrein7 RAC1 0.878 0.881 1.759 0.923 IGFBP-2 SCFsR 47 SCFsR CDK5-p35 0.892 0.861 1.753 0.912 IL-15Ra sL-Selectin 48 SCFsR C9 0.901 0.852 1.754 0.901 Prothrombin MEK1 49 CD30Ligand Prothrombin 0.892 0.861 1.753 0.918 Kallikrein7 MIP-5 50 Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 0.873 0.872 1.745 0.925 C1s TCTP 51 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.901 0.866 1.768 0.923 sL-Selectin Prothrombin 52 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.901 0.858 1.759 0.92 Prothrombin CK-MB 53 Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 0.878 0.864 1.742 0.924 CSK BLC 54 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.897 0.861 1.758 0.916 Contactin-5 UBE2N 55 C1s GAPDH, liver 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.922 Endostatin LRIG3 56 SCFsR Ubiquitin + 1 0.906 0.847 1.753 0.91 CDK5-p35 IL-15Ra 57 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.878 0.875 1.753 0.912 CDK5-p35 MEK1 58 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 0.892 0.861 1.753 0.918 MIP-5 sL-Selectin 59 SCFsR LDH-H1 0.892 0.872 1.764 0.923 CK-MB PARC 60 TCTP PTN 0.887 0.858 1.745 0.908 KPCI PARC 61 BTK sL-Selectin 0.845 0.895 1.74 0.92 FYN BLC 62 Kallikrein7 Prothrombin 0.897 0.861 1.758 0.908 Contactin-5 BMP-1 63 KPCI Kallikrein7 0.906 0.852 1.758 0.909 sL-Selectin Endostatin 64 SCFsR C9 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.91 IL-15Ra sL-Selectin 65 BTK Renin 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.922 Ubiquitin + 1 MEK1 66 RAC1 CD30Ligand 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.915 MIP-5 LRIG3 67 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.869 0.895 1.763 0.931 Midkine CK-MB 68 TCTP PTN 0.901 0.844 1.745 0.905 KPCI MIP-5 69 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.883 0.875 1.758 0.92 sL-Selectin Renin 70 PTN Renin 0.859 0.881 1.74 0.922 HSP90a BLC 71 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.878 0.886 1.764 0.923 C1s GAPDH, liver 72 CSK PTN 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.913 PARC Ubiquitin + 1 73 PARC IGFBP-2 0.911 0.847 1.757 0.924 sL-Selectin Ubiquitin + 1 74 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.883 0.875 1.758 0.922 Endostatin FYN 75 KPCI HSP90a 0.887 0.864 1.751 0.91 BMP-1 IL-15Ra 76 RAC1 CD30Ligand 0.887 0.864 1.751 0.912 LRIG3 MEK1 77 CK-MB SCFsR 0.883 0.881 1.763 0.921 Midkine LDH-H1 78 SCFsR C9 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.908 Ubiquitin + 1 IL-15Ra 79 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.897 0.861 1.758 0.919 Prothrombin PARC 80 PTN C1s 0.873 0.866 1.74 0.928 sL-Selectin BLC 81 SCFsR LDH-H1 0.906 0.858 1.764 0.92 Prothrombin CK-MB 82 PARC ERBB1 0.878 0.878 1.756 0.914 C1s Prothrombin 83 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.873 0.884 1.757 0.92 CDK5-p35 Contactin-5 84 HSP90a Prothrombin 0.887 0.875 1.762 0.925 CK-MB FYN 85 Prothrombin CD30Ligand 0.901 0.849 1.751 0.914 MEK1 RAC1 86 SCFsR C9 0.911 0.841 1.752 0.906 Prothrombin FGF-17 87 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.883 0.861 1.743 0.915 CD30Ligand TCTP 88 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.892 0.864 1.756 0.916 C1s AMPM2 89 Kallikrein7 Prothrombin 0.887 0.852 1.74 0.908 HSP90a BLC 90 PARC LRIG3 0.883 0.872 1.755 0.922 IGFBP-2 Ubiquitin + 1 91 RAC1 PARC 0.887 0.869 1.757 0.925 Contactin-5 Ubiquitin + 1 92 RAC1 CD30Ligand 0.883 0.875 1.758 0.916 CNDP1 Endostatin 93 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 0.892 0.878 1.77 0.924 C9 sL-Selectin 94 PTN UBE2N 0.901 0.849 1.751 0.909 IL-15Ra BTK 95 SCFsR Renin 0.901 0.849 1.751 0.9 BTK MEK1 96 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 0.887 0.864 1.751 0.923 MIP-5 HSP90a 97 LRIG3 PARC 0.887 0.855 1.742 0.912 C1s TCTP 98 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.892 0.864 1.756 0.919 PARC FYN 99 PARC LRIG3 0.85 0.889 1.739 0.923 FYN BLC 100 SCFsR CK-MB 0.883 0.872 1.755 0.923 CSK Kallikrein7 Marker Count Marker Count PTN 100 CDK5-p35 19 Kallikrein7 100 ERBB1 14 SCFsR 99 FYN 13 IGFBP-2 88 Ubiquitin + 1 12 CD30Ligand 79 BMP-1 12 LRIG3 66 UBE2N 11 PARC 61 CyclophilinA 11 C9 61 CSK 11 C1s 55 CNDP1 11 Prothrombin 53 BLC 11 RAC1 50 AMPM2 11 sL-Selectin 42 TCTP 10 HSP90a 41 Midkine 10 Renin 38 MIP-5 10 BTK 38 MEK1 10 GAPDH, liver 31 IL-15Ra 10 KPCI 30 FGF-17 10 CK-MB 27 Endostatin 10 LDH-H1 25 Contactin-5 10

TABLE 26 100 Panels of 14 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Biomarkers 1 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK Midkine CK-MB PARC C1s 2 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR CyclophilinA Renin C1s Prothrombin LDH-H1 3 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 C1s RAC1 Renin HSP90a BMP-1 4 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 C9 C1s FYN sL-Selectin 5 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Kallikrein7 CNDP1 BTK sL-Selectin Endostatin 6 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR LRIG3 IGFBP-2 Renin CDK5-p35 C1s 7 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s C9 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 sL-Selectin Ubiquitin + 1 8 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 C9 BTK sL-Selectin ERBB1 FYN 9 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR FGF-17 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 C9 C1s 10 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN Kallikrein7 UBE2N LRIG3 sL-Selectin CNDP1 11 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Kallikrein7 Prothrombin LRIG3 PARC FGF-17 12 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 CDK5-p35 Prothrombin MIP-5 13 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 SCFsR BMP-1 Renin RAC1 CD30Ligand 14 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin Renin PARC 15 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR sL-Selectin C1s LDH-H1 Prothrombin Kallikrein7 16 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR Kallikrein7 Renin CK-MB C1s Prothrombin PARC 17 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR PARC CDK5-p35 Kallikrein7 sL-Selectin LDH-H1 18 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 C9 C1s Prothrombin Endostatin 19 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 PARC C1s C9 Ubiquitin + 1 20 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR LRIG3 CK-MB PARC Renin C1s 21 PARC SCFsR HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 RAC1 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 CK-MB C9 22 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin KPCI 23 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK Midkine CK-MB PARC C1s 24 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR sL-Selectin C1s Kallikrein7 Prothrombin C9 25 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 C9 C1s FGF-17 BTK 26 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 CSK LRIG3 Renin Ubiquitin + 1 27 BTK RAC1 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 PARC C1s CK-MB LDH-H1 FGF-17 28 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA C9 SCFsR PTN Prothrombin GAPDH, liver LRIG3 sL-Selectin CNDP1 29 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s C9 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 Prothrombin HSP90a 30 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR LRIG3 CK-MB PARC Renin C1s 31 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA C9 SCFsR PTN Prothrombin GAPDH, liver LRIG3 sL-Selectin CNDP1 32 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Kallikrein7 CNDP1 LRIG3 sL-Selectin IGFBP-2 33 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN ERBB1 CK-MB PARC LDH-H1 LRIG3 C1s 34 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin KPCI Prothrombin 35 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN Kallikrein7 UBE2N IGFBP-2 PARC FYN 36 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR CyclophilinA sL-Selectin BMP-1 C1s Midkine 37 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR LRIG3 IGFBP-2 Renin Prothrombin C1s 38 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 C9 BTK sL-Selectin ERBB1 FYN 39 CD30Ligand SCFsR KPCI C9 BTK C1s IGFBP-2 sL-Selectin RAC1 CDK5-p35 40 PTN SCFsR RAC1 HSP90a LRIG3 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin Kallikrein7 Renin BTK 41 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN IGFBP-2 LDH-H1 BTK Renin Prothrombin 42 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR RAC1 PARC sL-Selectin C9 MIP-5 43 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 SCFsR BMP-1 Renin RAC1 CD30Ligand 44 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN IGFBP-2 LDH-H1 BTK Renin Prothrombin 45 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin PARC C1s 46 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin PARC C1s 47 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin LDH-H1 PARC Renin C1s CSK 48 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN KPCI Renin CDK5-p35 BTK BMP-1 Prothrombin 49 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s C9 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 sL-Selectin HSP90a 50 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 Prothrombin Renin LRIG3 51 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 Prothrombin Renin LRIG3 52 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin KPCI 53 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 C9 C1s Prothrombin CD30Ligand 54 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s C9 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 sL-Selectin Ubiquitin + 1 55 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR FYN CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver C1s Prothrombin 56 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR Kallikrein7 Renin CK-MB C1s Prothrombin PARC 57 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 C9 UBE2N RAC1 CD30Ligand sL-Selectin 58 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Kallikrein7 CNDP1 LRIG3 sL-Selectin IGFBP-2 59 CD30Ligand C9 GAPDH, liver SCFsR PTN sL-Selectin Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 PARC LRIG3 60 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 C1s Prothrombin sL-Selectin C9 61 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Kallikrein7 Prothrombin MIP-5 CNDP1 UBE2N 62 CD30Ligand KPCI PTN SCFsR HSP90a IGFBP-2 CK-MB Renin Kallikrein7 C1s 63 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver Renin BTK C9 64 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR CyclophilinA Renin C1s CK-MB Midkine 65 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 BMP-1 Renin CD30Ligand CyclophilinA 66 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR LRIG3 IGFBP-2 Renin CDK5-p35 Prothrombin 67 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR PARC Renin CD30Ligand BMP-1 Prothrombin 68 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR sL-Selectin C1s Kallikrein7 Prothrombin C9 69 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC sL-Selectin Prothrombin SCFsR C1s LRIG3 GAPDH, liver 70 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver Renin BTK Prothrombin 71 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 C9 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin KPCI 72 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin CNDP1 C1s 73 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR Renin CK-MB C1s Ubiquitin + 1 PARC 74 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s CD30Ligand C9 CSK PARC LRIG3 75 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 C1s RAC1 Renin HSP90a BMP-1 76 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Renin Kallikrein7 BTK CNDP1 Ubiquitin + 1 77 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Kallikrein7 Prothrombin MIP-5 CNDP1 UBE2N 78 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 BMP-1 Renin CD30Ligand KPCI 79 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin PARC C1s 80 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR sL-Selectin C1s LDH-H1 Prothrombin Kallikrein7 81 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 CSK Prothrombin Renin C1s 82 CD30Ligand C9 GAPDH, liver SCFsR PTN sL-Selectin Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 RAC1 PARC 83 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN LRIG3 PARC FYN C1s RAC1 C9 84 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN LRIG3 PARC BTK CDK5-p35 C1s C9 85 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN CD30Ligand PARC Kallikrein7 CK-MB C1s Ubiquitin + 1 86 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Kallikrein7 Prothrombin MIP-5 ERBB1 CyclophilinA 87 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s CD30Ligand Renin Ubiquitin + 1 LRIG3 HSP90a 88 SCFsR C9 UBE2N C1s PTN IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 PARC Prothrombin CDK5-p35 89 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK sL-Selectin PARC CDK5-p35 90 CD30Ligand C9 GAPDH, liver SCFsR PTN sL-Selectin Kallikrein7 UBE2N Endostatin CNDP1 91 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 CSK Prothrombin Renin C1s 92 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 C9 BTK sL-Selectin ERBB1 GAPDH, liver 93 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 BMP-1 Renin Prothrombin IL-15Ra 94 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR LRIG3 C1s Prothrombin sL-Selectin C9 95 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin LDH-H1 PARC Renin FYN BMP-1 96 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 SCFsR BMP-1 Renin RAC1 CD30Ligand 97 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 C9 BTK LDH-H1 Prothrombin CK-MB 98 BTK RAC1 ERBB1 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 PARC C1s BMP-1 sL-Selectin CD30Ligand 99 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 CSK Prothrombin Renin C1s 100 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR RAC1 PARC sL-Selectin C9 BTK Biomarkers Sensitivity Specificity Sens. + Spec. AUC 1 CD30Ligand Renin 0.887 0.875 1.762 0.921 sL-Selectin FYN 2 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.878 0.872 1.75 0.927 CK-MB BLC 3 SCFsR CDK5-p35 0.915 0.849 1.765 0.909 FYN Prothrombin 4 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.897 0.881 1.777 0.923 CDK5-p35 Prothrombin 5 C1s GAPDH, liver 0.901 0.866 1.768 0.921 Prothrombin LRIG3 6 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 0.897 0.866 1.763 0.919 Prothrombin RAC1 7 RAC1 PARC 0.901 0.864 1.765 0.924 FYN Contactin-5 8 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.887 0.886 1.774 0.925 GAPDH, liver C1s 9 HSP90a Prothrombin 0.897 0.869 1.766 0.919 CDK5-p35 FYN 10 Prothrombin CD30Ligand 0.906 0.858 1.764 0.918 RAC1 IL-15Ra 11 C1s GAPDH, liver 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.908 BTK MEK1 12 RAC1 CD30Ligand 0.901 0.861 1.762 0.921 LRIG3 CK-MB 13 Prothrombin C1s 0.906 0.847 1.753 0.905 TCTP FGF-17 14 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.892 0.869 1.761 0.919 CyclophilinA BMP-1 15 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver 0.887 0.861 1.748 0.922 BLC FYN 16 CSK PTN 0.906 0.855 1.761 0.915 LDH-H1 Midkine 17 BTK ERBB1 0.897 0.866 1.763 0.922 GAPDH, liver Contactin-5 18 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.897 0.872 1.769 0.922 CDK5-p35 FYN 19 BTK sL-Selectin 0.887 0.875 1.762 0.924 Prothrombin IL-15Ra 20 Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 0.873 0.884 1.757 0.92 UBE2N MEK1 21 Prothrombin LRIG3 0.897 0.864 1.76 0.923 CyclophilinA MIP-5 22 TCTP PTN 0.897 0.855 1.752 0.908 IGFBP-2 CDK5-p35 23 CD30Ligand Renin 0.892 0.869 1.761 0.922 LRIG3 Prothrombin 24 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver 0.864 0.884 1.747 0.928 CDK5-p35 BLC 25 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.887 0.878 1.765 0.918 CNDP1 Prothrombin 26 SCFsR C9 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.914 PARC C1s 27 PTN SCFsR 0.869 0.892 1.761 0.928 C9 Contactin-5 28 Kallikrein7 C1s 0.906 0.858 1.764 0.919 RAC1 Endostatin 29 RAC1 PARC 0.906 0.855 1.761 0.919 IL-15Ra FYN 30 Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 0.869 0.886 1.755 0.92 CyclophilinA MEK1 31 Kallikrein7 C1s 0.901 0.858 1.759 0.918 RAC1 MIP-5 32 C1s GAPDH, liver 0.897 0.852 1.749 0.915 Prothrombin TCTP 33 CyclophilinA IGFBP-2 0.883 0.886 1.769 0.925 UBE2N C9 34 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.92 0.841 1.761 0.905 CDK5-p35 Midkine 35 Prothrombin CD30Ligand 0.864 0.884 1.747 0.924 sL-Selectin BLC 36 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.878 0.886 1.764 0.93 Renin CK-MB 37 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.913 FGF-17 BTK 38 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.883 0.878 1.76 0.923 GAPDH, liver Contactin-5 39 PTN Kallikrein7 0.897 0.866 1.763 0.914 Endostatin LRIG3 40 PARC C9 0.887 0.872 1.759 0.922 FGF-17 IL-15Ra 41 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 0.897 0.858 1.755 0.911 sL-Selectin MEK1 42 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.923 HSP90a Prothrombin 43 Prothrombin C1s 0.901 0.847 1.748 0.907 TCTP PARC 44 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 0.906 0.864 1.77 0.922 PARC Ubiquitin + 1 45 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.887 0.872 1.759 0.923 FYN CK-MB 46 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.869 0.875 1.744 0.917 Endostatin BLC 47 SCFsR CK-MB 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.922 Kallikrein7 Midkine 48 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 0.897 0.864 1.76 0.913 Contactin-5 PARC 49 RAC1 PARC 0.901 0.858 1.759 0.924 CDK5-p35 IL-15Ra 50 RAC1 CD30Ligand 0.887 0.866 1.754 0.912 MEK1 CNDP1 51 RAC1 CD30Ligand 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.918 CDK5-p35 MIP-5 52 TCTP PTN 0.901 0.847 1.748 0.904 IGFBP-2 FYN 53 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.892 0.872 1.764 0.918 UBE2N FGF-17 54 RAC1 PARC 0.901 0.864 1.765 0.928 FYN CD30Ligand 55 Kallikrein7 sL-Selectin 0.869 0.875 1.744 0.926 C9 BLC 56 CSK PTN 0.906 0.852 1.758 0.911 AMPM2 Midkine 57 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.873 0.886 1.76 0.928 Contactin-5 CK-MB 58 C1s GAPDH, liver 0.887 0.875 1.762 0.922 BTK Endostatin 59 CyclophilinA C1s 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.926 RAC1 IL-15Ra 60 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.92 CK-MB MEK1 61 C1s GAPDH, liver 0.892 0.864 1.756 0.919 Endostatin sL-Selectin 62 LRIG3 PARC 0.887 0.858 1.745 0.913 Prothrombin TCTP 63 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 0.901 0.861 1.762 0.926 LRIG3 Ubiquitin + 1 64 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand 0.869 0.875 1.744 0.925 LDH-H1 BLC 65 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.892 0.872 1.764 0.921 CDK5-p35 Midkine 66 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 0.883 0.875 1.758 0.921 Ubiquitin + 1 C1s 67 KPCI HSP90a 0.887 0.872 1.759 0.912 Contactin-5 Endostatin 68 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.926 BTK IL-15Ra 69 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.92 C9 MEK1 70 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 0.892 0.864 1.756 0.919 LDH-H1 MIP-5 71 TCTP PTN 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.907 IGFBP-2 Contactin-5 72 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.919 CK-MB Midkine 73 KPCI CD30Ligand 0.883 0.861 1.743 0.918 Prothrombin BLC 74 Kallikrein7 Prothrombin 0.897 0.861 1.758 0.913 sL-Selectin GAPDH, liver 75 SCFsR CDK5-p35 0.906 0.852 1.758 0.907 BTK IL-15Ra 76 SCFsR LDH-H1 0.901 0.849 1.751 0.913 C9 MEK1 77 C1s GAPDH, liver 0.911 0.844 1.755 0.916 Endostatin BTK 78 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.91 CDK5-p35 TCTP 79 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.924 CK-MB Prothrombin 80 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver 0.873 0.869 1.743 0.923 BLC Midkine 81 SCFsR C9 0.911 0.847 1.757 0.908 RAC1 LRIG3 82 CyclophilinA C1s 0.901 0.858 1.759 0.923 Prothrombin Contactin-5 83 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 0.878 0.889 1.767 0.926 ERBB1 sL-Selectin 84 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 0.897 0.861 1.758 0.919 RAC1 IL-15Ra 85 BTK Renin 0.878 0.872 1.75 0.92 MEK1 Midkine 86 C1s GAPDH, liver 0.911 0.844 1.755 0.919 PARC BTK 87 Kallikrein7 Prothrombin 0.897 0.847 1.743 0.906 PARC TCTP 88 RAC1 CD30Ligand 0.897 0.866 1.763 0.924 HSP90a sL-Selectin 89 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.883 0.875 1.758 0.92 Renin FYN 90 CyclophilinA C1s 0.873 0.869 1.743 0.92 LRIG3 BLC 91 SCFsR C9 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.908 UBE2N LRIG3 92 LRIG3 SCFsR 0.864 0.895 1.759 0.924 C1s Contactin-5 93 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.887 0.869 1.757 0.921 CDK5-p35 BTK 94 HSP90a Kallikrein7 0.878 0.872 1.75 0.913 MEK1 FYN 95 SCFsR CK-MB 0.878 0.875 1.753 0.92 RAC1 MIP-5 96 Prothrombin C1s 0.911 0.832 1.743 0.906 TCTP CDK5-p35 97 CD30Ligand LRIG3 0.897 0.861 1.758 0.914 CNDP1 RAC1 98 PTN SCFsR 0.864 0.878 1.742 0.923 UBE2N BLC 99 SCFsR C9 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.917 CK-MB Midkine 100 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 0.878 0.881 1.759 0.927 C1s Contactin-5 Marker Count Marker Count SCFsR 100 KPCI 23 PTN 100 FYN 19 Kallikrein7 99 CyclophilinA 14 IGFBP-2 91 CNDP1 14 CD30Ligand 80 BMP-1 14 C1s 76 Midkine 13 PARC 69 UBE2N 12 LRIG3 68 ERBB1 12 Prothrombin 67 Ubiquitin + 1 11 C9 67 Contactin-5 11 RAC1 66 CSK 11 sL-Selectin 46 BLC 11 Renin 42 AMPM2 11 GAPDH, liver 41 TCTP 10 BTK 40 MIP-5 10 HSP90a 37 MEK1 10 CDK5-p35 27 IL-15Ra 10 CK-MB 25 FGF-17 10 LDH-H1 23 Endostatin 10

TABLE 27 100 Panels of 15 Asymptomatic Smokers vs. Cancer Biomarkers Biomarkers 1 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK LDH-H1 Prothrombin CK-MB CNDP1 2 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver C1s Prothrombin C9 3 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA C9 SCFsR PTN GAPDH, liver LRIG3 sL-Selectin CNDP1 RAC1 4 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 C1s CSK PARC CK-MB 5 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 BTK sL-Selectin ERBB1 GAPDH, liver C1s 6 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Renin C1s CK-MB LDH-H1 BMP-1 7 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR PARC sL-Selectin C9 BTK IL-15Ra 8 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 BMP-1 Renin RAC1 CD30Ligand Endostatin 9 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR CK-MB PARC Renin C1s UBE2N 10 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN UBE2N LRIG3 sL-Selectin CNDP1 RAC1 11 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 C1s SCFsR CyclophilinA ERBB1 C9 12 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin KPCI IGFBP-2 13 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN CNDP1 BTK sL-Selectin Endostatin LRIG3 14 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK LDH-H1 Prothrombin CK-MB CNDP1 15 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Renin CK-MB Midkine C1s sL-Selectin 16 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 C1s CSK PARC CK-MB 17 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PARC PTN ERBB1 LDH-H1 CK-MB GAPDH, liver C1s 18 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN UBE2N LRIG3 sL-Selectin CNDP1 RAC1 19 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK sL-Selectin PARC CDK5-p35 C1s 20 PTN LRIG3 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver PARC IGFBP-2 RAC1 C9 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 21 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 BMP-1 Renin RAC1 PARC CD30Ligand 22 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Renin C1s CK-MB Midkine LDH-H1 23 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin PARC Renin C1s CSK Kallikrein7 24 IGFBP-2 SCFsR KPCI PTN C1s Renin RAC1 HSP90a Contactin-5 BMP-1 25 PTN LRIG3 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver PARC IGFBP-2 RAC1 C9 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 26 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR CK-MB PARC Renin C1s UBE2N 27 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s LDH-H1 Prothrombin Renin LRIG3 CDK5-p35 28 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR BMP-1 Renin CD30Ligand LDH-H1 CK-MB 29 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA C9 SCFsR PTN GAPDH, liver LRIG3 sL-Selectin CNDP1 Ubiquitin + 1 30 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK sL-Selectin PARC CDK5-p35 C1s 31 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR CK-MB PARC Renin C1s CyclophilinA 32 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR IGFBP-2 Renin CDK5-p35 Prothrombin Ubiquitin + 1 33 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 BTK sL-Selectin ERBB1 GAPDH, liver C1s 34 PTN LRIG3 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver PARC IGFBP-2 RAC1 C9 Kallikrein7 C1s 35 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR LRIG3 C9 BTK Renin CDK5-p35 RAC1 36 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR PARC sL-Selectin C9 BTK Renin 37 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 BTK CNDP1 Ubiquitin + 1 C9 38 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK sL-Selectin PARC C1s CK-MB 39 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Renin LDH-H1 C1s Midkine CDK5-p35 40 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin PARC Renin C1s CSK Kallikrein7 41 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver C1s Prothrombin C9 42 PARC SCFsR HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 sL-Selectin C9 C1s 43 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN LRIG3 CDK5-p35 PARC Prothrombin Renin CyclophilinA 44 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 BTK CNDP1 BMP-1 Prothrombin 45 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA C9 SCFsR PTN GAPDH, liver LRIG3 sL-Selectin CNDP1 RAC1 46 KPCI HSP90a PTN Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 BMP-1 Renin RAC1 CD30Ligand Midkine 47 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK sL-Selectin PARC C1s CK-MB 48 PTN C9 CSK CD30Ligand SCFsR IGFBP-2 Renin CDK5-p35 Prothrombin Ubiquitin + 1 49 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin PARC Renin C1s GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 50 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 BTK sL-Selectin ERBB1 GAPDH, liver C1s 51 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s Kallikrein7 LRIG3 Prothrombin HSP90a IL-15Ra 52 BTK IGFBP-2 PTN Kallikrein7 SCFsR Renin CD30Ligand BMP-1 Prothrombin Contactin-5 53 PARC SCFsR HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 CK-MB C9 CyclophilinA 54 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN CNDP1 LRIG3 sL-Selectin IGFBP-2 Prothrombin 55 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 CK-MB C1s Ubiquitin + 1 FGF-17 56 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 C1s CSK PARC CK-MB 57 CyclophilinA HSP90a ERBB1 SCFsR PARC C9 LRIG3 sL-Selectin FYN C1s 58 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN CNDP1 BTK sL-Selectin Prothrombin LRIG3 59 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK sL-Selectin PARC C1s CK-MB 60 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 C1s GAPDH, liver PARC CK-MB 61 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR GAPDH, liver Renin BTK Prothrombin LDH-H1 62 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin KPCI IGFBP-2 63 Kallikrein7 CyclophilinA SCFsR IGFBP-2 CD30Ligand LRIG3 CK-MB PARC HSP90a C9 64 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 CSK Prothrombin Renin C1s RAC1 65 C1s SCFsR GAPDH, liver C9 PTN UBE2N LRIG3 sL-Selectin CNDP1 RAC1 66 PTN LRIG3 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver PARC IGFBP-2 RAC1 C9 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 67 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 BTK CNDP1 C9 GAPDH, liver 68 IGFBP-2 KPCI CD30Ligand SCFsR LRIG3 C9 BTK Renin CDK5-p35 RAC1 69 CD30Ligand KPCI PTN SCFsR HSP90a CK-MB Renin Kallikrein7 C1s Prothrombin 70 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK sL-Selectin CNDP1 C1s PARC 71 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR C1s CK-MB PARC BTK Midkine 72 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 KPCI PTN IGFBP-2 CSK Prothrombin Renin C1s Ubiquitin + 1 73 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN LRIG3 BTK CDK5-p35 C1s C9 RAC1 74 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN ERBB1 PARC LDH-H1 LRIG3 C1s C9 75 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 BTK CNDP1 Prothrombin C1s 76 IGFBP-2 SCFsR GAPDH, liver PTN C1s Kallikrein7 LRIG3 sL-Selectin HSP90a CDK5-p35 77 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR GAPDH, liver Renin BTK C9 LRIG3 78 PTN GAPDH, liver IGFBP-2 LRIG3 SCFsR PARC sL-Selectin C9 BTK Midkine 79 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin KPCI IGFBP-2 80 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK sL-Selectin PARC CDK5-p35 C1s 81 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 PARC Renin CD30Ligand LDH-H1 BMP-1 82 LRIG3 IGFBP-2 HSP90a PTN Prothrombin PARC Renin C1s CSK Kallikrein7 83 Kallikrein7 SCFsR HSP90a PTN LRIG3 FYN C1s RAC1 C9 CDK5-p35 84 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN LDH-H1 BTK Endostatin CNDP1 sL-Selectin 85 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR C1s Kallikrein7 Prothrombin C9 BTK 86 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 SCFsR CK-MB PARC Renin C1s CyclophilinA 87 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN LDH-H1 BTK Renin Prothrombin CK-MB 88 LRIG3 ERBB1 HSP90a SCFsR Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 CD30Ligand Prothrombin KPCI IGFBP-2 89 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK sL-Selectin CNDP1 C1s CK-MB 90 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Renin CK-MB Midkine C1s Ubiquitin + 1 91 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 BTK CNDP1 Prothrombin C1s 92 PTN RAC1 IGFBP-2 PARC SCFsR Renin C1s sL-Selectin GAPDH, liver LDH-H1 93 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN CNDP1 BTK sL-Selectin Endostatin LRIG3 94 PTN SCFsR RAC1 HSP90a LRIG3 Prothrombin Kallikrein7 Renin BTK FGF-17 95 PARC Kallikrein7 HSP90a PTN IGFBP-2 UBE2N RAC1 C1s sL-Selectin Prothrombin 96 CD30Ligand SCFsR RAC1 C9 PTN Prothrombin MIP-5 CNDP1 UBE2N Endostatin 97 CD30Ligand IGFBP-2 PTN RAC1 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 BTK CNDP1 Prothrombin C1s 98 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 Midkine CK-MB PARC C1s LRIG3 99 PTN SCFsR AMPM2 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 BTK sL-Selectin PARC C1s FYN 100 CD30Ligand KPCI PTN SCFsR HSP90a CK-MB Renin Kallikrein7 C1s Prothrombin Sensi- Spec- Sens. + Biomarkers tivity ificity Spec. AUC 1 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 0.906 0.858 1.764 0.916 RAC1 C1s 2 Kallikrein7 sL-Selectin FYN 0.883 0.878 1.76 0.927 CDK5-p35 BLC 3 Kallikrein7 C1s Prothrombin 0.911 0.861 1.772 0.919 Endostatin BMP-1 4 SCFsR LDH-H1 Renin 0.887 0.884 1.771 0.925 BMP-1 Prothrombin 5 LRIG3 SCFsR C9 0.878 0.895 1.773 0.924 Contactin-5 FYN 6 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand BTK 0.878 0.892 1.77 0.927 LRIG3 FGF-17 7 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 RAC1 0.897 0.869 1.766 0.925 Renin Prothrombin 8 Prothrombin C1s SCFsR 0.906 0.864 1.77 0.913 CDK5-p35 PARC 9 Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 LRIG3 0.883 0.884 1.766 0.92 MEK1 BTK 10 Prothrombin CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 0.901 0.861 1.762 0.921 MIP-5 Endostatin 11 LRIG3 sL-Selectin Prothrombin 0.892 0.881 1.773 0.925 GAPDH, liver Midkine 12 TCTP PTN C9 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.906 CDK5-p35 FYN 13 C1s GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 0.915 0.858 1.773 0.921 Ubiquitin + 1 Prothrombin 14 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 0.897 0.866 1.763 0.915 UBE2N C1s 15 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand BTK 0.873 0.886 1.76 0.931 GAPDH, liver BLC 16 SCFsR LDH-H1 Renin 0.878 0.892 1.77 0.925 BMP-1 FGF-17 17 BTK SCFsR Kallikrein7 0.887 0.878 1.765 0.923 Contactin-5 UBE2N 18 Prothrombin CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 0.901 0.864 1.765 0.923 IL-15Ra PARC 19 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 0.887 0.875 1.762 0.912 Prothrombin MEK1 20 HSP90a SCFsR Prothrombin 0.906 0.855 1.761 0.918 MIP-5 Ubiquitin + 1 21 Prothrombin C1s SCFsR 0.906 0.849 1.756 0.909 CDK5-p35 TCTP 22 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA 0.878 0.875 1.753 0.927 Prothrombin BLC 23 SCFsR CK-MB LDH-H1 0.892 0.869 1.761 0.922 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver 24 Kallikrein7 Prothrombin CD30Ligand 0.901 0.864 1.765 0.908 Endostatin BTK 25 HSP90a SCFsR Prothrombin 0.897 0.866 1.763 0.917 IL-15Ra FYN 26 Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 LRIG3 0.878 0.884 1.761 0.921 MEK1 Prothrombin 27 RAC1 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.918 MIP-5 Midkine 28 HSP90a Kallikrein7 LRIG3 0.892 0.861 1.753 0.921 Prothrombin TCTP 29 Kallikrein7 C1s Prothrombin 0.915 0.852 1.768 0.919 BTK Endostatin 30 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 0.887 0.875 1.762 0.924 Midkine CK-MB 31 Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 LRIG3 0.869 0.884 1.752 0.925 Midkine BLC 32 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 LRIG3 0.892 0.869 1.761 0.922 C1s sL-Selectin 33 LRIG3 SCFsR C9 0.878 0.886 1.764 0.925 Contactin-5 Prothrombin 34 HSP90a SCFsR Prothrombin 0.897 0.866 1.763 0.921 IL-15Ra CDK5-p35 35 PTN Prothrombin Kallikrein7 0.906 0.855 1.761 0.905 C1s MEK1 36 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 RAC1 0.883 0.875 1.758 0.926 Prothrombin MIP-5 37 SCFsR LDH-H1 Renin 0.906 0.847 1.753 0.914 sL-Selectin TCTP 38 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 0.892 0.869 1.761 0.922 Midkine FYN 39 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand CyclophilinA 0.883 0.869 1.752 0.927 CK-MB BLC 40 SCFsR CK-MB LDH-H1 0.901 0.858 1.759 0.916 CD30Ligand AMPM2 41 Kallikrein7 sL-Selectin FYN 0.892 0.872 1.764 0.926 Contactin-5 Midkine 42 Prothrombin LRIG3 RAC1 0.892 0.875 1.767 0.922 UBE2N FGF-17 43 IGFBP-2 RAC1 C9 0.901 0.861 1.762 0.921 IL-15Ra FGF-17 44 SCFsR LDH-H1 Renin 0.897 0.864 1.76 0.912 GAPDH, liver MEK1 45 Kallikrein7 C1s Prothrombin 0.911 0.847 1.757 0.918 MIP-5 CDK5-p35 46 Prothrombin C1s SCFsR 0.911 0.841 1.752 0.906 CDK5-p35 TCTP 47 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.923 Prothrombin BLC 48 GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 LRIG3 0.878 0.881 1.759 0.925 C1s PARC 49 SCFsR CK-MB LDH-H1 0.892 0.872 1.764 0.926 BTK Contactin-5 50 LRIG3 SCFsR C9 0.897 0.872 1.769 0.925 CNDP1 RAC1 51 RAC1 PARC C9 0.906 0.855 1.761 0.924 sL-Selectin CDK5-p35 52 KPCI HSP90a PARC 0.901 0.858 1.759 0.905 RAC1 MEK1 53 Prothrombin LRIG3 RAC1 0.887 0.869 1.757 0.923 FGF-17 MIP-5 54 C1s GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 0.906 0.844 1.75 0.914 Ubiquitin + 1 TCTP 55 BTK Renin PARC 0.854 0.895 1.749 0.929 Prothrombin BLC 56 SCFsR LDH-H1 Renin 0.883 0.875 1.758 0.928 C9 CDK5-p35 57 IGFBP-2 Kallikrein7 PTN 0.897 0.872 1.769 0.923 GAPDH, liver CNDP1 58 C1s GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 0.92 0.858 1.778 0.919 UBE2N Endostatin 59 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 0.883 0.878 1.76 0.922 Prothrombin IL-15Ra 60 SCFsR LDH-H1 Renin 0.883 0.875 1.758 0.921 BTK MEK1 61 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 CD30Ligand 0.887 0.869 1.757 0.919 MIP-5 LRIG3 62 TCTP PTN C9 0.883 0.864 1.746 0.911 CDK5-p35 PARC 63 PTN Renin LDH-H1 0.873 0.875 1.748 0.922 FYN BLC 64 SCFsR C9 CDK5-p35 0.897 0.861 1.758 0.912 LRIG3 PARC 65 Prothrombin CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 0.887 0.875 1.762 0.919 Endostatin Contactin-5 66 HSP90a SCFsR Prothrombin 0.897 0.864 1.76 0.917 IL-15Ra BTK 67 SCFsR LDH-H1 Renin 0.892 0.864 1.756 0.914 C1s MEK1 68 PTN Prothrombin Kallikrein7 0.915 0.841 1.756 0.908 MIP-5 FYN 69 LRIG3 PARC IGFBP-2 0.897 0.849 1.746 0.911 RAC1 TCTP 70 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 0.883 0.878 1.76 0.925 CK-MB RAC1 71 Kallikrein7 KPCI Renin 0.887 0.861 1.748 0.919 Prothrombin BLC 72 SCFsR C9 CDK5-p35 0.901 0.855 1.757 0.91 FGF-17 LRIG3 73 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin PARC 0.883 0.878 1.76 0.919 Contactin-5 CNDP1 74 CyclophilinA IGFBP-2 CK-MB 0.883 0.884 1.766 0.924 FYN UBE2N 75 SCFsR LDH-H1 Renin 0.906 0.866 1.773 0.918 GAPDH, liver Endostatin 76 RAC1 PARC C9 0.911 0.849 1.76 0.923 IL-15Ra BTK 77 Kallikrein7 FGF-17 CD30Ligand 0.892 0.864 1.756 0.919 Ubiquitin + 1 MEK1 78 CD30Ligand Kallikrein7 RAC1 0.878 0.878 1.756 0.927 Renin MIP-5 79 TCTP PTN C9 0.901 0.844 1.745 0.905 CDK5-p35 BTK 80 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 0.897 0.864 1.76 0.919 LDH-H1 Prothrombin 81 CK-MB SCFsR UBE2N 0.864 0.884 1.747 0.923 Prothrombin BLC 82 SCFsR CK-MB LDH-H1 0.878 0.878 1.756 0.923 CDK5-p35 BMP-1 83 IGFBP-2 Prothrombin PARC 0.873 0.886 1.76 0.919 Contactin-5 CD30Ligand 84 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 0.892 0.875 1.767 0.917 UBE2N FGF-17 85 CD30Ligand GAPDH, liver sL-Selectin 0.887 0.872 1.759 0.926 IL-15Ra CDK5-p35 86 Kallikrein7 LDH-H1 LRIG3 0.883 0.872 1.755 0.921 MEK1 Prothrombin 87 LRIG3 Kallikrein7 IGFBP-2 0.892 0.864 1.756 0.923 FGF-17 MIP-5 88 TCTP PTN C9 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.908 CDK5-p35 Midkine 89 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 0.897 0.864 1.76 0.918 CyclophilinA Midkine 90 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand BTK 0.878 0.869 1.747 0.925 LDH-H1 BLC 91 SCFsR LDH-H1 Renin 0.892 0.864 1.756 0.918 CK-MB CSK 92 Kallikrein7 CD30Ligand BTK 0.887 0.872 1.759 0.926 Contactin-5 CDK5-p35 93 C1s GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 0.897 0.869 1.766 0.926 Ubiquitin + 1 PARC 94 PARC C9 IGFBP-2 0.892 0.866 1.758 0.92 IL-15Ra FYN 95 LRIG3 SCFsR C9 0.897 0.858 1.755 0.915 MEK1 CDK5-p35 96 C1s GAPDH, liver Kallikrein7 0.906 0.849 1.756 0.916 BTK FGF-17 97 SCFsR LDH-H1 Renin 0.892 0.852 1.744 0.919 CK-MB TCTP 98 CD30Ligand Renin BTK 0.897 0.864 1.76 0.921 Prothrombin FYN 99 CD30Ligand LRIG3 C9 0.869 0.878 1.746 0.922 CK-MB BLC 100 LRIG3 PARC IGFBP-2 0.897 0.858 1.755 0.912 RAC1 CSK Marker Count Marker Count SCFsR 100 CNDP1 25 PTN 100 Midkine 16 Kallikrein7 100 KPCI 16 IGFBP-2 90 FGF-17 16 CD30Ligand 85 UBE2N 14 LRIG3 84 FYN 14 C1s 76 CyclophilinA 14 Prothrombin 72 BMP-1 13 PARC 70 AMPM2 13 RAC1 69 Ubiquitin + 1 12 C9 64 Endostatin 12 BTK 53 CSK 12 Renin 52 BLC 12 GAPDH, liver 43 TCTP 11 CK-MB 40 MIP-5 11 sL-Selectin 39 MEK1 11 LDH-H1 39 IL-15Ra 11 HSP90a 38 ERBB1 11 CDK5-p35 31 Contactin-5 11

TABLE 28 Aptamer Concentrations Final Aptamer Target Conc (nM) AMPM2 0.5 Apo A-I 0.25 b-ECGF 2 BLC 0.25 BMP-1 1 BTK 0.25 C1s 0.25 C9 1 Cadherin E 0.25 Cadherin-6 0.5 Calpain I 0.5 Catalase 0.5 CATC 0.5 Cathepsin H 0.5 CD30 Ligand 0.5 CDK5/p35 0.5 CK-MB 1 CNDP1 0.5 Contactin-5 1 CSK Cyclophilin A 0.5 Endostatin 1 ERBB1 0.5 FYN 0.25 GAPDH, liver 0.25 HMG-1 0.5 HSP 90a 0.5 HSP 90b 0.5 IGFBP-2 1 IL-15 Ra 0.5 IL-17B 0.5 IMB1 1 Kallikrein 7 0.5 KPCI 0.25 LDH-H 1 0.5 LGMN 0.5 LRIG3 0.25 Macrophage 2 mannose receptor MEK1 0.5 METAP1 0.25 Midkine 0.5 MIP-5 1 MK13 1 MMP-7 0.25 NACA 0.5 NAGK 0.5 PARC 0.5 Proteinase-3 1 Prothrombin 0.5 PTN 0.25 RAC1 0.5 Renin 0.25 RGM-C 0.5 SCF sR 1 sL-Selectin 0.5 TCTP 0.5 UBE2N 0.5 Ubiquitin + 1 0.5 VEGF 1 YES 0.5

TABLE 29 Benign Asymptomatic Site NSCLC Nodule Smokers 1 32 0 47 2 63 176 128 3 70 195 94 4 54 49 83 Sum 213 420 352 Males 51% 46% 49% Females 49% 54% 51% Median 68 60 57 Age Median 40 42 34 Pack Years Median 1.94 2.43 2.58 FEV1 Median 74 88 90 FEV 1% Median 70 72 73 FEV1/FVC

TABLE 30 Biomarkers Identified in Benign Nodule-NSCLC in Aggregated Data SCF sR CNDP1 Stress-induced- phosphoprotein 1 RGM-C MEK1 LRIG3 ERBB1 MDHC ERK-1 Cadherin E Catalase Cyclophilin A CK-MB BMP-1 Caspase-3 METAP1 ART UFM1 HSP90a C9 RAC1 IGFBP-2 TCPTP Peroxiredoxin-1 Calpain I RPS6KA3 PAFAHbeta subunit KPCI IMB1 MK01 MMP-7 UBC9 Integrina1b1 β-ECGF Ubiquitin + 1 IDE HSP90b Cathepsin H CAMK2A NAGK CSK21 BLC FGF-17 BTK BARK1 Macrophage mannose Thrombin eIF-5 receptor MK13 LYN UFC1 NACA HSP70 RS7 GAPDH UBE2N PRKACA CSK TCTP AMPM2 Activin A RabGDPdissociation Stress-induced- inhibitor beta phosphoprotein 1 Prothrombin MAPKAPK3

TABLE 31 Biomarkers Identified in Smoker-NSCLC in Aggregated Data SCF sR Renin Caspase-3 PTN CSK AMPM2 HSP90a Contactin-5 RS7 Kallikrein 7 UBE2N OCAD1 LRIG3 MPIF-1 HSP70 IGFBP-2 PRKACA GSK-3alpha PARC granzymeA FSTL3 CD30 Ligand Ubiquitin + 1 PAFAH beta subunit Prothrombin NAGK Integrin a1b1 ERBB1 Cathepsin S ERK-1 KPCI TCTP CSK21 BTK UBC9 CATC GAPDH, liver MK13 MK01 CK-MB Cystatin C pTEN LDH-H1 RPS6KA3 b2-Microglobulin CNDP1 IL-15Ra UFM1 RAC1 Calpain I UFC1 C9 MAPKAPK3 Peroxiredoxin-1 FGF-17 IMB1 PKB Endostatin BARK1 IDE Cyclophilin A Cathepsin H HSP90b C1s Macrophage mannose BGH3 receptor CD30 Dtk BLC BMP-1 NACA XPNPEP1 SBDS RabGDPdissociation TNFsR-I inhibitor beta MIP-5 LYN DUS3 CCL28 METAP1 MMP-7 MK12

TABLE 32 Biomarkers Identified in Benign Nodule-NSCLC by Site ERBB1 FGF-17 LRIG3 CD30Ligand HMG-1 LGMN YES Proteinase-3 C9 MEK1 MK13 BLC Macrophage mannose receptor IL-17B ApoA-I CATC CNDP1 Cadherin-6 BMP-1

TABLE 33 Biomarkers Identified in Smoker-NSCLC by Site Kallikrein 7 CSK Azurocidin SCF sR FYN b2-Microglobulin ERBB1 BLC OCAD1 C9 TCTP LGMN LRIG3 Midkine PKB AMPM2 FGF-17 XPNPEP1 HSP90a MEK1 Cadherin-6 sL-Selectin BMP-1 pTEN BTK LYN LYNB CNDP1 Integrin a1b1 DUS3 CDK5-p35 PKB gamma Carbonic anhydrase XIII

TABLE 34 Biomarkers Identified in Benign Nodule-NSCLC in Blended Data Set YES Catalase PAFAH beta eIF-5 subunit MK13 Prothrombin AMPM2 TNFsR-I LRIG3 BTK TCPTP BLC HMG-1 DRG-1 BGH3 MAPKAPK3 ERBB1 UBE2N Ubiquitin + 1 b2-Microglobulin Cadherin E Activin A BARK1 SOD CK-MB TCTP LYN GSK-3 alpha C9 UBC9 PRKACA Fibrinogen SCFsR NAGK LGMN ERK-1 CNDP1 Calpain I Integrin a1b1 Cadherin-6 RGM-C GAPDH HSP70 IDE METAP1 UFM1 XPNPEP1 UFC1 Macrophage Caspase-3 Stress-induced- PSA-ACT mannose receptor phosphoprotein1 BMP-1 b-ECGF RPS6KA3 CATC KPCI RAC1 SHP-2 pTEN IGFBP-2 MDHC CEA PSA CSK Proteinase-3 OCAD1 CATE NACA MK01 Cyclophilin A Peroxiredoxin-1 IMB1 MEK1 RabGDP SBDS dissociation inhibitor beta Cathepsin H HSP90a DUS3 RS7 MMP-7 Thrombin CAMK2A Carbonic anhydrase XIII VEGF FGF-17 CaMKKalpha HSP90b ART CSK21

TABLE 35 Biomarkers Identified in Smoker-NSCLC in Blended Data Set SCFsR UBE2N CystatinC GSK-3alpha LRIG3 MIP-5 LYN CATC HSP90a Contactin-5 MPIF-1 SBDS ERBB1 Ubiquitin + 1 GCP-2 PAFAH beta subunit C9 Macrophage mannose KPCI IMB1 receptor AMPM2 PRKACA MK12 CSK21 Kallikrein 7 Cathepsin S MAPKAPK3 PKB PTN BMP-1 Integrin a1b1 Dtk PARC Cyclophilin A HSP70 DUS3 CD30 Ligand CCL28 RPS6KA3 Calpain I Prothrombin Endostatin NACA TNFsR-I CSK Cathepsin H RS7 PTP-1B CK-MB Granzyme A Peroxiredoxin-1 IDE BTK GAPDH, liver MMP-7 HSP90b C1s FGF-17 pTEN Fibrinogen IGFBP-2 BARK1 UFM1 Caspase-3 LDH-H1 BLC UBC9 PSA-ACT RAC1 RabGDP dissociation FSTL3 OCAD1 inhibitor beta Renin CD30 BGH3 SOD CNDP1 MK13 UFC1 METAP1 TCTP NAGK MK01 PSA IL-15Ra b2-Microglobulin ERK-1

TABLE 36 Biomarkers for Lung Cancer Benign Nodule Smokers AMPM2 YES SCFsR BMP-1 MK13 LRIG3 BTK LRIG3 HSP90a C1s HMG-1 ERBB1 C9 ERBB1 C9 Cadherin E CadherinE AMPM2 Catalase CK-MB Kallikrein7 Cathepsin H C9 PTN CD30Ligand SCFsR PARC CK-MB CNDP1 CD30Ligand CNDP1 RGM-C Prothrombin Contactin-5 METAP1 CSK CSK Macrophage CK-MB mannose receptor ERBB1 BMP-1 BTK HMG-1 KPCI C1s HSP90a IGFBP-2 IGFBP-2 HSP90b CSK LDH-H1 IGFBP-2 NACA RAC1 IL-15Ra IMB1 Renin IMB1 CathepsinH CNDP1 Kallikrein7 MMP-7 TCTP KPCI VEGF IL-15Ra LDH-H1 HSP90b UBE2N LRIG3 Catalase MIP-5 Macrophage mannose receptor Prothrombin Contactin-5 METAP1 ApoA-I Ubiquitin + 1 MIP-5 b-ECGF BLC MK13 BLC BMP-1 MMP-7 Cadherin-6 CDK5-p35 NACA Calpain I CyclophilinA PARC CATC Endostatin Prothrombin CD30Ligand FGF-17 PTN FGF-17 FYN RAC1 GAPDH GAPDH Renin HSP90a KPCI RGM-C IL-17B MEK1 SCF sR LGMN Midkine TCTP MEK1 sL-Selectin UBE2N NAGK Ubiquitin + 1 Proteinase-3 VEGF YES ApoA-I b-ECGF BLC Cadherin-6 Calpain I CATC CDK5-p35 CyclophilinA Endostatin FYN FGF-17 GAPDH IL-17B LGMN MEK1 Midkine NAGK Proteinase-3 sL-Selectin

TABLE 37 Aptamer To Assay Up or Designated Solution K_(d) LLOQ Down Biomarker (M) (M) Regulated AMPM2 3 × 10⁻¹⁰ NM Up Apo A-I 9 × 10⁻⁰⁹ 2 × 10⁻¹¹ Down β-ECGF 1 × 10⁻¹⁰ NM Up (pool) BLC 5 × 10⁻¹⁰ 7 × 10⁻¹⁴ Up (pool) BMP-1 2 × 10⁻¹⁰ 9 × 10⁻¹³ Down BTK 8 × 10⁻¹⁰ 2 × 10⁻¹³ Up (pool) C1s 8 × 10⁻⁰⁹ 7 × 10⁻¹² Up C9 1 × 10⁻¹¹ 1 × 10⁻¹⁴ Down Cadherin E 3 × 10⁻¹⁰ 2 × 10⁻¹² Down Cadherin-6 2 × 10⁻⁰⁹ 2 × 10⁻¹² Up Calpain I 2 × 10⁻¹¹ 7 × 10⁻¹⁴ Up Catalase 7 × 10⁻¹⁰ 8 × 10⁻¹⁴ Up (pool) CATC 8 × 10⁻⁰⁸ NM Up Cathepsin H 1 × 10⁻⁰⁹ 8 × 10⁻¹³ Up (pool) CD30 Ligand 2 × 10⁻⁰⁹ 7 × 10⁻¹³ Up (pool) CDK5/p35 2 × 10⁻¹⁰ NM Up CK-MB 1 × 10⁻⁰⁸ NM Down (pool) CNDP1 3 × 10⁻⁰⁸ NM Down Contactin-5 3 × 10⁻¹¹ NM Down CSK 3 × 10⁻¹⁰ 5 × 10⁻¹³ Up CyclophilinA 1 × 10⁻⁰⁹ 2 × 10⁻¹³ Up (pool) Endostatin 5 × 10⁻¹⁰ 1 × 10⁻¹³ Up ERBB1 1 × 10⁻¹⁰ 4 × 10⁻¹⁴ Down FGF-17 5 × 10⁻¹⁰ NM Up (pool) FYN 3 × 10⁻⁰⁹ NM Up (pool) GAPDH 8 × 10⁻¹² 4 × 10⁻¹³ Up HMG-1 2 × 10⁻¹⁰ 1 × 10⁻¹² Up HSP 90α 1 × 10⁻¹⁰ 1 × 10⁻¹² Up HSP90β 2 × 10⁻¹⁰ 4 × 10⁻¹² Up IGFBP-2 6 × 10⁻¹⁰ 9 × 10⁻¹³ Up IL-15 Rα 4 × 10⁻¹¹ 1 × 10⁻¹³ Up (pool) IL-17B 3 × 10⁻¹¹ 4 × 10⁻¹³ Up (pool) IMB1 8 × 10⁻⁰⁸ NM Up (pool) Kallikrein 7 6 × 10⁻¹¹ 2 × 10⁻¹² Down KPCI 9 × 10⁻⁰⁹ NM Up LDH-H1 1 × 10⁻⁰⁹ 8 × 10⁻¹³ Up LGMN 7 × 10⁻⁰⁹ NM Up LRIG3 3 × 10⁻¹¹ 8 × 10⁻¹⁴ Down Macrophage 1 × 10⁻⁰⁹ 1 × 10⁻¹¹ Up mannose receptor MEK1 6 × 10⁻¹⁰ NM Up METAP1 7 × 10⁻¹¹ 9 × 10⁻¹³ Up Midkine 2 × 10⁻¹⁰ 4 × 10⁻¹¹ Up MIP-5 9 × 10⁻⁰⁹ 2 × 10⁻¹³ Up (pool) MK13 2 × 10⁻⁰⁹ NM Up MMP-7 7 × 10⁻¹¹ 3 × 10⁻¹³ Up NACA 2 × 10⁻¹¹ NM Up NAGK 2 × 10⁻⁰⁹ NM Up (pool) PARC 9 × 10⁻¹¹ 1 × 10⁻¹³ Up Proteinase-3 5 × 10⁻⁰⁹ 4 × 10⁻¹² Up (pool) Prothrombin 5 × 10⁻⁰⁹ 1 × 10⁻¹² Down PTN 4 × 10⁻¹¹ 5 × 10⁻¹² Up RAC1 7 × 10⁻¹¹ NM Up Renin 3 × 10⁻¹¹ 3 × 10⁻¹³ Up RGM-C 3 × 10⁻¹¹ NM Down SCF sR 5 × 10⁻¹¹ 3 × 10⁻¹² Down sL-Selectin 2 × 10⁻¹⁰ 2 × 10⁻¹³ Down (pool) TCTP 2 × 10⁻¹¹ NM Up (pool) UBE2N 6 × 10−11 NM Up (pool) Ubiquitin + 1 2 × 10⁻¹⁰ 1 × 10⁻¹² Up VEGF 4 × 10⁻¹⁰ 9 × 10⁻¹⁴ Up YES 2 × 10⁻⁰⁹ NM Up

TABLE 38 Parameters for Smoker Control Group Biomarker # from Table 1 Biomarker μ_(c) σ_(c) ² μ_(d) σ_(d) ² KS p-value AUC 1 AMPM2 3.05 1.07E−02 3.20 3.62E−02 0.45 5.55E−24 0.75 4 BLC 2.58 1.23E−02 2.72 3.97E−02 0.37 8.72E−17 0.74 5 BMP-1 4.13 1.32E−02 4.00 2.01E−02 0.38 1.21E−17 0.75 6 BTK 3.12 2.44E−01 3.51 2.45E−01 0.35 3.25E−15 0.72 7 C1s 4.01 3.47E−03 4.06 4.23E−03 0.31 4.68E−12 0.69 8 C9 5.31 3.54E−03 5.38 5.37E−03 0.43 3.49E−22 0.75 15 CD30 3.21 2.86E−03 3.26 4.42E−03 0.31 1.08E−11 0.70 Ligand 16 CDK5-p35 2.98 3.48E−03 3.02 4.75E−03 0.25 1.63E−07 0.67 17 CK-MB 3.25 5.18E−02 3.07 4.89E−02 0.33 1.42E−13 0.71 18 CNDP1 3.65 1.97E−02 3.52 3.07E−02 0.36 4.14E−16 0.73 19 Contactin-5 3.66 9.35E−03 3.59 1.33E−02 0.31 1.67E−11 0.68 20 CSK 3.25 6.59E−02 3.54 1.10E−01 0.41 1.33E−20 0.76 21 CyclophilinA 4.42 6.04E−02 4.65 6.80E−02 0.38 2.17E−17 0.73 22 Endostatin 4.61 4.29E−03 4.67 1.07E−02 0.32 1.42E−12 0.69 23 ERBB1 4.17 2.25E−03 4.10 5.18E−03 0.47 9.39E−27 0.78 24 FGF-17 3.08 1.12E−03 3.11 1.31E−03 0.32 1.07E−12 0.71 25 FYN 3.18 6.88E−02 3.24 7.99E−02 0.13 1.53E−02 0.58 26 GAPDH 3.26 7.32E−02 3.51 1.62E−01 0.40 2.02E−19 0.68 28 HSP90a 4.45 1.86E−02 4.61 1.86E−02 0.50 3.09E−30 0.80 30 IGFBP-2 4.30 3.42E−02 4.48 4.17E−02 0.37 5.40E−17 0.74 31 IL-15 Ra 3.03 9.74E−03 3.12 2.10E−02 0.31 7.31E−12 0.69 34 Kallikrein 7 3.52 8.67E−03 3.44 1.21E−02 0.36 2.47E−15 0.70 35 KPCI 2.58 2.92E−03 2.66 1.01E−02 0.40 2.30E−19 0.74 36 LDH-H1 3.60 8.03E−03 3.67 1.45E−02 0.32 3.70E−12 0.68 38 LRIG3 3.55 3.10E−03 3.50 3.60E−03 0.36 1.39E−15 0.72 40 MEK1 2.81 1.54E−03 2.84 2.75E−03 0.28 1.96E−09 0.67 42 Midkine 3.21 3.13E−02 3.24 5.58E−02 0.13 1.90E−02 0.56 43 MIP-5 3.60 3.65E−02 3.77 5.88E−02 0.34 8.40E−14 0.70 48 PARC 4.90 1.94E−02 5.01 2.13E−02 0.34 7.01E−14 0.71 50 Prothrombin 4.68 5.37E−02 4.53 4.31E−02 0.32 1.09E−12 0.68 51 PTN 3.73 7.08E−03 3.80 7.36E−03 0.34 3.97E−14 0.72 52 RAC1 3.85 6.13E−02 4.09 7.31E−02 0.40 4.60E−19 0.72 53 Renin 3.25 2.52E−02 3.39 6.36E−02 0.30 4.23E−11 0.68 55 SCF sR 3.79 1.11E−02 3.68 1.48E−02 0.37 9.90E−17 0.75 56 sL-Selectin 4.46 5.63E−03 4.40 9.30E−03 0.30 6.24E−11 0.69 57 TCTP 4.19 4.69E−02 4.44 7.43E−02 0.43 9.69E−22 0.76 58 UBE2N 4.42 9.30E−02 4.67 9.53E−02 0.34 6.56E−14 0.72 59 Ubiquitin + 1 4.25 1.75E−02 4.34 1.43E−02 0.31 1.55E−11 0.68

TABLE 39 Parameters for benign nodules control group Biomarker # from Table 1 Biomarker μ_(c) σ_(c) ² μ_(d) σ_(d) ² KS p-value AUC 2 ApoA-I 3.83 1.04E−02 3.77 1.56E−02 0.24 1.67E−07 0.65 3 b-ECGF 3.03 1.27E−03 3.06 1.53E−03 0.30 7.50E−12 0.68 4 BLC 2.60 1.50E−02 2.72 3.97E−02 0.31 1.77E−12 0.70 5 BMP-1 4.11 1.39E−02 4.00 2.01E−02 0.32 2.00E−13 0.72 8 C9 5.31 4.84E−03 5.38 5.37E−03 0.39 9.42E−20 0.75 9 Cadherin E 4.51 5.91E−03 4.43 9.86E−03 0.37 1.93E−17 0.74 10 Cadherin-6 2.91 3.79E−03 2.98 1.12E−02 0.36 1.42E−16 0.72 11 Calpain I 4.37 1.33E−02 4.50 2.32E−02 0.40 7.63E−21 0.75 12 Catalase 4.27 2.09E−02 4.37 1.30E−02 0.34 4.30E−15 0.72 13 CATC 2.80 5.83E−03 2.86 7.63E−03 0.31 8.55E−13 0.69 14 Cathepsin H 4.59 3.24E−03 4.63 7.54E−03 0.30 4.29E−12 0.66 15 CD30 Ligand 3.21 4.19E−03 3.26 4.42E−03 0.26 4.70E−09 0.68 17 CK-MB 3.23 4.47E−02 3.07 4.89E−02 0.32 2.76E−13 0.70 18 CNDP1 3.65 2.03E−02 3.52 3.07E−02 0.35 2.04E−15 0.72 20 CSK 3.25 7.98E−02 3.54 1.10E−01 0.41 2.35E−21 0.76 23 ERBB1 4.17 2.76E−03 4.10 5.18E−03 0.46 1.22E−26 0.77 24 FGF-17 3.08 1.26E−03 3.11 1.31E−03 0.31 9.59E−13 0.71 26 GAPDH 3.22 7.96E−02 3.51 1.62E−01 0.40 7.88E−21 0.69 27 HMG-1 4.01 4.57E−02 4.19 7.55E−02 0.30 1.99E−11 0.70 28 HSP90a 4.43 2.23E−02 4.61 1.86E−02 0.51 1.26E−33 0.81 29 HSP90b 3.06 3.70E−03 3.14 9.67E−03 0.42 2.73E−22 0.75 30 IGFBP-2 4.32 3.57E−02 4.48 4.17E−02 0.35 2.30E−15 0.73 32 IL-17B 2.19 3.73E−03 2.23 4.16E−03 0.28 3.65E−10 0.68 33 IMB1 3.47 2.21E−02 3.67 5.45E−02 0.42 2.04E−22 0.75 35 KPCI 2.57 3.26E−03 2.66 1.01E−02 0.43 3.57E−23 0.75 37 LGMN 3.13 2.03E−03 3.17 4.15E−03 0.30 1.15E−11 0.69 38 LRIG3 3.55 3.59E−03 3.50 3.60E−03 0.33 9.00E−14 0.71 39 Macrophage 4.10 1.51E−02 4.22 2.48E−02 0.36 7.24E−17 0.72 mannose receptor 40 MEK1 2.81 1.77E−03 2.84 2.75E−03 0.31 3.79E−12 0.69 41 METAP1 2.67 2.45E−02 2.89 5.83E−02 0.44 2.99E−24 0.75 44 MK13 2.79 3.38E−03 2.85 4.88E−03 0.36 6.16E−17 0.74 45 MMP-7 3.64 3.24E−02 3.82 4.85E−02 0.37 1.89E−17 0.73 46 NACA 3.11 8.28E−03 3.21 2.63E−02 0.34 4.91E−15 0.70 47 NAGK 3.71 2.04E−02 3.84 2.63E−02 0.38 7.50E−19 0.73 49 Proteinase-3 3.95 9.09E−02 4.18 1.23E−01 0.30 2.22E−11 0.69 50 Prothrombin 4.67 4.19E−02 4.53 4.31E−02 0.32 2.17E−13 0.68 54 RGM-C 4.44 4.85E−03 4.38 6.13E−03 0.30 1.00E−11 0.69 55 SCF sR 3.77 9.71E−03 3.68 1.48E−02 0.35 1.96E−15 0.72 60 VEGF 3.55 8.80E−03 3.62 1.14E−02 0.30 1.27E−11 0.69 61 YES 2.97 9.54E−04 3.00 1.73E−03 0.29 7.59E−11 0.67

TABLE 40 Sensitivity + Specificity for Exemplary Combinations of Biomarkers Sensi- Speci- Sensitivity + # tivity ficity Specificity AUC 1 SCFsR 0.629 0.727 1.356 0.75 2 SCFsR HSP90a 0.761 0.753 1.514 0.84 3 SCFsR HSP90a ERBB1 0.775 0.827 1.602 0.87 4 SCFsR HSP90a ERBB1 PTN 0.784 0.861 1.645 0.89 5 SCFsR HSP90a ERBB1 PTN BTK 0.84 0.844 1.684 0.9 6 SCFsR HSP90a ERBB1 PTN BTK CD30 0.822 0.869 1.691 0.9 Ligand 7 SCFsR HSP90a ERBB1 PTN BTK CD30 Kallikrein7 0.845 0.875 1.72 0.91 Ligand 8 SCFsR HSP90a ERBB1 PTN BTK CD30 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 0.859 0.864 1.723 0.91 Ligand 9 SCFsR HSP90a ERBB1 PTN BTK CD30 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 LDH- 0.869 0.872 1.741 0.91 Ligand H1 10 SCFsR HSP90a ERBB1 PTN BTK CD30 Kallikrein7 LRIG3 LDH- PARC 0.873 0.878 1.751 0.91 Ligand H1

TABLE 41 Parameters derived from training set for naïve Bayes classifier. Biomarker μ_(c) σ_(c) ² μ_(d) σ_(d) ² HSP90b 3.06 3.70E−03 3.14 9.67E−03 ERBB1 4.17 2.76E−03 4.10 5.18E−03 RGM-C 4.44 4.85E−03 4.38 6.13E−03 CadherinE 4.51 5.91E−03 4.43 9.86E−03 SCFsR 3.77 9.71E−03 3.68 1.48E−02 METAP1 2.67 2.45E−02 2.89 5.83E−02 b-ECGF 3.03 1.27E−03 3.06 1.53E−03 CK-MB 3.23 4.47E−02 3.07 4.89E−02 ART 2.93 1.92E−03 2.97 2.98E−03 HSP90a 4.43 2.23E−02 4.61 1.86E−02

TABLE 42 Calculation details for naïve Bayes classifier     Biomarker   Log (RFU) ${- \frac{1}{2}}\left( \frac{x_{i} - \mu_{c,i}}{\sigma_{c,i}} \right)^{2}$ ${- \frac{1}{2}}\left( \frac{x_{i} - \mu_{d,i}}{\sigma_{d,i}} \right)^{2}$ ${In}\frac{\sigma_{d,i}}{\sigma_{c,i}}$   Ln (likelihood)     likelihood HSP90b 3.133 −0.797 −0.002 0.480 −0.315 0.730 ERBB1 4.127 −0.374 −0.050 0.315 −0.009 0.991 RGM-C 4.476 −0.175 −0.727 0.117 0.669 1.952 Cadherin E 4.575 −0.358 −1.071 0.256 0.969 2.636 SCFsR 3.783 −0.007 −0.362 0.209 0.565 1.759 METAP1 2.548 −0.318 −0.975 0.434 1.091 2.977 b-ECGF 3.022 −0.037 −0.389 0.096 0.448 1.565 CK-MB 3.494 −0.754 −1.823 0.044 1.113 3.044 ART 2.918 −0.041 −0.401 0.218 0.578 1.783 HSP90a 4.444 −0.004 −0.757 −0.090 0.664 1.942 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for detecting protein levels of a set of proteins in a human, the method comprising: contacting a biological sample from the human with a set of capture reagents, wherein the biological sample is selected from the group consisting of whole blood, plasma, serum and urine, further wherein the capture reagents are aptamers comprising a 5-position pyrimidine modification, further wherein the 5-position pyrimidine modification comprises a substitution with a hydrophobic chemical group selected from the group consisting of benzyl, indole and napthyl, further wherein each capture reagent specifically binds to a different protein of the set of proteins comprising at least C9, MMP-7, ERBB1, IGFBP2, SCFsR and CNDP1; and measuring the level of each protein of the set of proteins based on measurement of the capture reagents.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein measurement of the protein levels comprises performing an in vitro assay.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological sample is serum.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the human is a smoker.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the set of proteins, in addition to C9, MMP-7, ERBB1, IGFBP2, SCFsR and CNDP1, comprises one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of AMPM2; BLC; BMP-1; BTK; Cls; CD30 Ligand; CDK5-p35; CK-MB; Contactin-5; CSK; Cyclophilin A; Endostatin; FGF-17; FYN; GAPDH, liver; HSP 90a; IL-15 Ra; Kallikrein 7; KPCI; LDH-H 1; LRIG3; MEK1; Midkine; MIP-5; PARC; Prothrombin; PTN; RAC1; Renin; sL-Selectin; SELL; TCTP; UBE2N; and Ubiquitin+1.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the human has a pulmonary nodule.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the set of proteins, in addition to C9, MMP-7, ERBB1, IGFBP2, SCFsR and CNDP1, comprises one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of Apo A-I; b-ECGF; BLC; BMP-1; Cadherin E; Cadherin-6; Calpain I; Catalase; CATC; Cathepsin H; CD30 Ligand; CK-MB; CSK; FGF-17; GAPDH, liver; HMG-1; HSP 90a; HSP 90b; IL-17B; IMB1; KPCI; LGMN; LRIG3; Macrophage mannose receptor; MEK1; METAP1; MK13; NACA; NAGK; Proteinase-3; Prothrombin; RGM-C; SELL; VEGF; and YES.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein biomarkers, in addition to C9, MMP-7, ERBB1, IGFBP2, SCFsR and CNDP1, comprise LRIG3 and SELL.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring the level of the protein PSA-ACT. 